Letcher, Trevor M.
Managing Global Warming : An Interface of Technology and Human Issues. - 1 online resource (822 pages)
Front Cover -- Managing Global Warming: An Interface of Technology and Human Issues -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Section A: Introduction -- Chapter 1: Why do we have global warming? -- 1.1. The greenhouse effect -- 1.2. The root cause of global warming -- 1.3. Other causes of global warming and climate change including global cooling -- 1.4. Indicators of climate change -- 1.5. Why we must act now -- 1.6. What must be done to reduce global warming? -- 1.7. Are we making progress in reducing global warming? -- 1.8. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: The Paris Agreement-Implications for greenhouse gas removal and zero emissions energy production -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Methodology -- 2.3. Plausibility -- 2.4. The numbers -- 2.4.1. Business as usual -- 2.4.2. Zero emissions energy only -- 2.4.3. Zero emissions energy/Reducing energy consumption -- 2.4.4. Zero emissions energy/Reducing energy consumption/Carbon intensity reduction -- 2.4.5. Greenhouse gas removal -- 2.5. Applying plausibility -- 2.5.1. Fossil fuel emissions -- 2.5.2. Reduction in energy consumption (REC) -- 2.5.3. Reduction in FF carbon intensity (CIR) -- 2.5.4. Greenhouse gas removal (GGR) -- 2.6. Policy implications -- 2.6.1. Zero GGR -- 2.6.2. GGR of 1.5Gt(C)/yr -- 2.6.3. GGR of 5Gt(C)/yr -- 2.6.4. GGR of 10Gt(C)/yr -- 2.7. Delivering ZEE -- 2.8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Current status of electricity generation in the world and future of nuclear power industry -- 3.1. Statistics on electricity generation in the world -- 3.2. Share and operation of various energy sources in an electrical grid -- 3.3. Modern thermal power plants -- 3.4. Modern nuclear power reactors and nuclear power plants -- 3.5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section B: Reducing CO2: Fossil Fuels, Nuclear Energy. Chapter 4: Current and future nuclear power reactors and plants -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Current nuclear power reactors and NPPs -- 4.2.1. Pressurized water reactors -- 4.2.2. Boiling water reactors -- 4.2.3. Pressurized heavy-water reactors -- 4.2.4. Advanced Gas-cooled Reactors -- 4.2.5. Light-water-cooled graphite-moderated reactors: RBMK and EGP -- 4.2.6. Sodium-cooled fast reactor: BN-600 and BN-800 -- 4.3. Generation IV International Forum -- 4.3.1. Introduction -- 4.3.2. Origins of the GIF -- 4.3.3. Generation IV goals -- 4.3.4. Selection of Generation IV systems -- 4.3.5. Six Generation IV nuclear energy systems -- 4.3.5.1. Very-high-temperature reactor -- 4.3.5.2. Gas-cooled fast reactor -- 4.3.5.3. Sodium-cooled fast reactor -- 4.3.5.4. Lead-cooled fast reactor -- 4.3.5.5. Molten-salt reactor -- 4.3.5.6. Supercritical water-cooled reactors -- 4.3.6. Additional reactor classifications -- 4.3.7. Summary -- 4.4. Comparison of thermophysical properties of reactor coolants -- 4.4.1. Introduction -- 4.4.1.1. Generation II, III, and III+ reactor coolants -- 4.4.1.2. Generation IV reactor coolants -- 4.4.2. Reactor coolants by type -- 4.4.2.1. Fluid coolants -- 4.4.2.2. Gas coolants -- 4.4.2.3. Liquid-metal coolants -- 4.4.2.4. Molten-salt coolants -- 4.4.3. Thermophysical properties of proposed Generations II, III, III+, and IV reactor coolants -- 4.4.4. Heat-transfer coefficients in nuclear power rectors -- 4.4.5. Conclusions -- 4.5. Concise overview of conventional and alternative nuclear fuels -- 4.5.1. Introduction -- 4.5.2. Metallic fuels -- 4.5.3. Ceramic fuels -- 4.5.3.1. Oxide fuels -- 4.5.3.2. Carbide fuels -- 4.5.3.3. Nitride fuels -- 4.5.4. Hydride fuels -- 4.5.5. Composite fuels -- 4.5.6. Nuclear fuel cycles and global sustainability -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: Nuclear fusion: What of the future?. 5.1. The promise of fusion -- 5.1.1. Fusion resources -- 5.1.2. Fusion safety -- 5.2. Fusion concepts -- 5.2.1. Magnetic confinement -- 5.2.2. Inertial confinement -- 5.3. Main technology challenges -- 5.3.1. Reactor materials -- 5.3.2. Power exhaust -- 5.3.3. Breeder blanket -- 5.3.4. Superconducting magnets -- 5.3.5. Remote handling -- 5.3.6. Heating and current drive -- 5.3.7. Other plant issues -- 5.4. Fusion's role in future energy markets -- 5.5. Status of current research -- 5.6. Summary -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 6: Global renewable energy resources and use in 2050 -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Biomass energy -- 6.2.1. Introduction -- 6.2.2. Bioenergy in 2050 -- 6.3. Hydroelectricity -- 6.3.1. Introduction -- 6.3.2. Hydroelectricity in 2050 -- 6.4. Wind energy -- 6.4.1. Introduction -- 6.4.2. Wind energy in 2050 -- 6.5. Solar energy -- 6.5.1. Introduction -- 6.5.2. Solar energy in 2050 -- 6.6. Geothermal energy -- 6.6.1. Introduction -- 6.6.2. Geothermal energy in 2050 -- 6.7. Other possible renewable energy sources -- 6.8. Discussion -- References -- Further reading -- Section C: Reducing Greenhouse Gases: Renewables and Zero Carbon/Carbon Neutral Forms of Energy and Electric Cars -- Chapter 7: Methane hydrate as a ``new energy�� -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.1.1. What is methane hydrate? -- 7.1.2. Where is the reserve and how much? -- 7.2. Production methods -- 7.2.1. Thermal recovery method -- 7.2.2. Depressurization method -- 7.3. Testing equipment and sample preparation -- 7.3.1. Triaxial testing apparatus -- 7.3.2. Specimen preparation -- 7.3.3. Generation of MH and experimental procedure -- 7.3.4. Triaxial compression tests -- 7.3.4.1. Testing condition -- 7.3.4.2. Test results -- 7.4. MH dissociation tests -- 7.4.1. Initial stress before MH dissociation started -- 7.4.2. Depressurization method -- 7.4.3. Thermal recovery. 7.4.4. Experimental findings -- 7.5. DEM simulation of MH dissociation process -- 7.5.1. Reproduction of MH dissociation process using DEM -- 7.5.2. Micromechanism associated with MH dissociation -- 7.6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Hydropower -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Hydropower generation-Theory -- 8.3. Technology -- 8.3.1. Hydropower project classification -- 8.3.2. Run-of-river hydropower plants -- 8.3.3. Storage hydropower plants -- 8.3.4. Pumped-storage hydropower plants -- 8.3.5. In-stream (hydrokinetic) hydropower plants -- 8.4. Classification according to size-Small and large hydro -- 8.5. Cutting-edge technology -- 8.5.1. Extending operational regime for turbines -- 8.5.2. Utilizing low or very low head-Unpowered dams -- 8.5.3. Fish-friendly hydropower plants -- 8.5.4. Tunneling and underground power plants -- 8.5.5. Surge tanks in hydropower plants -- 8.6. Hydropower resources-Potential -- 8.6.1. Definition of potential -- 8.6.2. Global and regional overview -- 8.7. Existing generation-Regional and global status -- 8.7.1. Historical trends in hydropower production -- 8.7.2. Countries with highest hydropower production -- 8.7.3. Share of hydropower in the global energy mix -- 8.7.4. Share of hydropower from small and large hydro -- 8.8. Cost issues -- 8.9. Integration into broader energy system -- 8.9.1. Energy management services -- 8.9.2. Energy storage -- 8.9.3. Pumped-storage hydro -- 8.9.4. Role in water management -- 8.10. Sustainability issues -- 8.10.1. Environmental and social impacts -- 8.10.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint -- 8.10.3. Energy payback -- 8.10.4. Water consumption and water footprint -- 8.10.5. Sediment issues and reservoir sedimentation -- 8.10.6. Climate change issues -- 8.11. Hydropower in the future-Potential deployment -- 8.11.1. Energy production. 8.11.2. Pumped-storage hydropower -- 8.12. Summary -- References -- Chapter 9: Solar energy -- 9.1. What is solar energy? -- 9.2. Solar energy adoption -- 9.3. Barriers to solar energy adoption -- 9.4. Research in solar devices -- 9.5. The potential of solar energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions -- References -- Chapter 10: Wind power: A sustainable way to limit climate change -- 10.1. Wind among the renewables -- 10.2. Wind power data -- 10.3. Wind energy in a nutshell -- 10.3.1. What is wind? -- 10.3.2. How much power is there in wind? -- 10.4. Wind turbines -- 10.4.1. History of wind turbine -- 10.4.2. The anatomy of a modern wind turbine -- 10.4.3. How much power can a turbine generate? -- 10.4.4. Offshore wind farms -- 10.5. Offshore wind farm site selection -- 10.6. Case study: Performance of nearshore wind farm during 2012 Tohoku earthquake -- 10.6.1. Why did the wind farm stand up? -- 10.7. Future of offshore wind farm and sustainability -- 10.7.1. Sustainability -- 10.7.1.1. Decommissioning of Lely wind farm -- 10.7.2. ASIDE: Banning of petrol and diesel cars from 2040 and offshore wind energy -- 10.8. Summary -- References -- Chapter 11: Storing electrical energy -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Electricity energy storage -- 11.3. Pumped hydropower -- 11.4. Compressed air energy storage -- 11.5. Battery energy storage systems -- 11.6. Liquid air energy storage -- 11.7. Superconducting magnetic storage -- 11.8. Chemical Storage (H2 and CH4) -- 11.9. Vehicle-to-grid systems -- 11.10. Other methods of storing electrical energy -- 11.11. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 12: Bioenergy -- 12.1. The role of bioenergy -- 12.2. Advantages of bioenergy -- 12.3. Emission reductions and carbon balance -- 12.4. Sustainability -- 12.5. Bioenergy case study: Generating low carbon energy from agricultural & food wastes. 12.5.1. Anaerobic digestion of agriculture manures and slurries.
9780128141052
Global warming..
Climatic changes..
Carbon dioxide mitigation.
Electronic books.
QC981.8.G56 .M363 2019
363.73874
Managing Global Warming : An Interface of Technology and Human Issues. - 1 online resource (822 pages)
Front Cover -- Managing Global Warming: An Interface of Technology and Human Issues -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Section A: Introduction -- Chapter 1: Why do we have global warming? -- 1.1. The greenhouse effect -- 1.2. The root cause of global warming -- 1.3. Other causes of global warming and climate change including global cooling -- 1.4. Indicators of climate change -- 1.5. Why we must act now -- 1.6. What must be done to reduce global warming? -- 1.7. Are we making progress in reducing global warming? -- 1.8. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: The Paris Agreement-Implications for greenhouse gas removal and zero emissions energy production -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Methodology -- 2.3. Plausibility -- 2.4. The numbers -- 2.4.1. Business as usual -- 2.4.2. Zero emissions energy only -- 2.4.3. Zero emissions energy/Reducing energy consumption -- 2.4.4. Zero emissions energy/Reducing energy consumption/Carbon intensity reduction -- 2.4.5. Greenhouse gas removal -- 2.5. Applying plausibility -- 2.5.1. Fossil fuel emissions -- 2.5.2. Reduction in energy consumption (REC) -- 2.5.3. Reduction in FF carbon intensity (CIR) -- 2.5.4. Greenhouse gas removal (GGR) -- 2.6. Policy implications -- 2.6.1. Zero GGR -- 2.6.2. GGR of 1.5Gt(C)/yr -- 2.6.3. GGR of 5Gt(C)/yr -- 2.6.4. GGR of 10Gt(C)/yr -- 2.7. Delivering ZEE -- 2.8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Current status of electricity generation in the world and future of nuclear power industry -- 3.1. Statistics on electricity generation in the world -- 3.2. Share and operation of various energy sources in an electrical grid -- 3.3. Modern thermal power plants -- 3.4. Modern nuclear power reactors and nuclear power plants -- 3.5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section B: Reducing CO2: Fossil Fuels, Nuclear Energy. Chapter 4: Current and future nuclear power reactors and plants -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Current nuclear power reactors and NPPs -- 4.2.1. Pressurized water reactors -- 4.2.2. Boiling water reactors -- 4.2.3. Pressurized heavy-water reactors -- 4.2.4. Advanced Gas-cooled Reactors -- 4.2.5. Light-water-cooled graphite-moderated reactors: RBMK and EGP -- 4.2.6. Sodium-cooled fast reactor: BN-600 and BN-800 -- 4.3. Generation IV International Forum -- 4.3.1. Introduction -- 4.3.2. Origins of the GIF -- 4.3.3. Generation IV goals -- 4.3.4. Selection of Generation IV systems -- 4.3.5. Six Generation IV nuclear energy systems -- 4.3.5.1. Very-high-temperature reactor -- 4.3.5.2. Gas-cooled fast reactor -- 4.3.5.3. Sodium-cooled fast reactor -- 4.3.5.4. Lead-cooled fast reactor -- 4.3.5.5. Molten-salt reactor -- 4.3.5.6. Supercritical water-cooled reactors -- 4.3.6. Additional reactor classifications -- 4.3.7. Summary -- 4.4. Comparison of thermophysical properties of reactor coolants -- 4.4.1. Introduction -- 4.4.1.1. Generation II, III, and III+ reactor coolants -- 4.4.1.2. Generation IV reactor coolants -- 4.4.2. Reactor coolants by type -- 4.4.2.1. Fluid coolants -- 4.4.2.2. Gas coolants -- 4.4.2.3. Liquid-metal coolants -- 4.4.2.4. Molten-salt coolants -- 4.4.3. Thermophysical properties of proposed Generations II, III, III+, and IV reactor coolants -- 4.4.4. Heat-transfer coefficients in nuclear power rectors -- 4.4.5. Conclusions -- 4.5. Concise overview of conventional and alternative nuclear fuels -- 4.5.1. Introduction -- 4.5.2. Metallic fuels -- 4.5.3. Ceramic fuels -- 4.5.3.1. Oxide fuels -- 4.5.3.2. Carbide fuels -- 4.5.3.3. Nitride fuels -- 4.5.4. Hydride fuels -- 4.5.5. Composite fuels -- 4.5.6. Nuclear fuel cycles and global sustainability -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: Nuclear fusion: What of the future?. 5.1. The promise of fusion -- 5.1.1. Fusion resources -- 5.1.2. Fusion safety -- 5.2. Fusion concepts -- 5.2.1. Magnetic confinement -- 5.2.2. Inertial confinement -- 5.3. Main technology challenges -- 5.3.1. Reactor materials -- 5.3.2. Power exhaust -- 5.3.3. Breeder blanket -- 5.3.4. Superconducting magnets -- 5.3.5. Remote handling -- 5.3.6. Heating and current drive -- 5.3.7. Other plant issues -- 5.4. Fusion's role in future energy markets -- 5.5. Status of current research -- 5.6. Summary -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 6: Global renewable energy resources and use in 2050 -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Biomass energy -- 6.2.1. Introduction -- 6.2.2. Bioenergy in 2050 -- 6.3. Hydroelectricity -- 6.3.1. Introduction -- 6.3.2. Hydroelectricity in 2050 -- 6.4. Wind energy -- 6.4.1. Introduction -- 6.4.2. Wind energy in 2050 -- 6.5. Solar energy -- 6.5.1. Introduction -- 6.5.2. Solar energy in 2050 -- 6.6. Geothermal energy -- 6.6.1. Introduction -- 6.6.2. Geothermal energy in 2050 -- 6.7. Other possible renewable energy sources -- 6.8. Discussion -- References -- Further reading -- Section C: Reducing Greenhouse Gases: Renewables and Zero Carbon/Carbon Neutral Forms of Energy and Electric Cars -- Chapter 7: Methane hydrate as a ``new energy�� -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.1.1. What is methane hydrate? -- 7.1.2. Where is the reserve and how much? -- 7.2. Production methods -- 7.2.1. Thermal recovery method -- 7.2.2. Depressurization method -- 7.3. Testing equipment and sample preparation -- 7.3.1. Triaxial testing apparatus -- 7.3.2. Specimen preparation -- 7.3.3. Generation of MH and experimental procedure -- 7.3.4. Triaxial compression tests -- 7.3.4.1. Testing condition -- 7.3.4.2. Test results -- 7.4. MH dissociation tests -- 7.4.1. Initial stress before MH dissociation started -- 7.4.2. Depressurization method -- 7.4.3. Thermal recovery. 7.4.4. Experimental findings -- 7.5. DEM simulation of MH dissociation process -- 7.5.1. Reproduction of MH dissociation process using DEM -- 7.5.2. Micromechanism associated with MH dissociation -- 7.6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Hydropower -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Hydropower generation-Theory -- 8.3. Technology -- 8.3.1. Hydropower project classification -- 8.3.2. Run-of-river hydropower plants -- 8.3.3. Storage hydropower plants -- 8.3.4. Pumped-storage hydropower plants -- 8.3.5. In-stream (hydrokinetic) hydropower plants -- 8.4. Classification according to size-Small and large hydro -- 8.5. Cutting-edge technology -- 8.5.1. Extending operational regime for turbines -- 8.5.2. Utilizing low or very low head-Unpowered dams -- 8.5.3. Fish-friendly hydropower plants -- 8.5.4. Tunneling and underground power plants -- 8.5.5. Surge tanks in hydropower plants -- 8.6. Hydropower resources-Potential -- 8.6.1. Definition of potential -- 8.6.2. Global and regional overview -- 8.7. Existing generation-Regional and global status -- 8.7.1. Historical trends in hydropower production -- 8.7.2. Countries with highest hydropower production -- 8.7.3. Share of hydropower in the global energy mix -- 8.7.4. Share of hydropower from small and large hydro -- 8.8. Cost issues -- 8.9. Integration into broader energy system -- 8.9.1. Energy management services -- 8.9.2. Energy storage -- 8.9.3. Pumped-storage hydro -- 8.9.4. Role in water management -- 8.10. Sustainability issues -- 8.10.1. Environmental and social impacts -- 8.10.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint -- 8.10.3. Energy payback -- 8.10.4. Water consumption and water footprint -- 8.10.5. Sediment issues and reservoir sedimentation -- 8.10.6. Climate change issues -- 8.11. Hydropower in the future-Potential deployment -- 8.11.1. Energy production. 8.11.2. Pumped-storage hydropower -- 8.12. Summary -- References -- Chapter 9: Solar energy -- 9.1. What is solar energy? -- 9.2. Solar energy adoption -- 9.3. Barriers to solar energy adoption -- 9.4. Research in solar devices -- 9.5. The potential of solar energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions -- References -- Chapter 10: Wind power: A sustainable way to limit climate change -- 10.1. Wind among the renewables -- 10.2. Wind power data -- 10.3. Wind energy in a nutshell -- 10.3.1. What is wind? -- 10.3.2. How much power is there in wind? -- 10.4. Wind turbines -- 10.4.1. History of wind turbine -- 10.4.2. The anatomy of a modern wind turbine -- 10.4.3. How much power can a turbine generate? -- 10.4.4. Offshore wind farms -- 10.5. Offshore wind farm site selection -- 10.6. Case study: Performance of nearshore wind farm during 2012 Tohoku earthquake -- 10.6.1. Why did the wind farm stand up? -- 10.7. Future of offshore wind farm and sustainability -- 10.7.1. Sustainability -- 10.7.1.1. Decommissioning of Lely wind farm -- 10.7.2. ASIDE: Banning of petrol and diesel cars from 2040 and offshore wind energy -- 10.8. Summary -- References -- Chapter 11: Storing electrical energy -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Electricity energy storage -- 11.3. Pumped hydropower -- 11.4. Compressed air energy storage -- 11.5. Battery energy storage systems -- 11.6. Liquid air energy storage -- 11.7. Superconducting magnetic storage -- 11.8. Chemical Storage (H2 and CH4) -- 11.9. Vehicle-to-grid systems -- 11.10. Other methods of storing electrical energy -- 11.11. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 12: Bioenergy -- 12.1. The role of bioenergy -- 12.2. Advantages of bioenergy -- 12.3. Emission reductions and carbon balance -- 12.4. Sustainability -- 12.5. Bioenergy case study: Generating low carbon energy from agricultural & food wastes. 12.5.1. Anaerobic digestion of agriculture manures and slurries.
9780128141052
Global warming..
Climatic changes..
Carbon dioxide mitigation.
Electronic books.
QC981.8.G56 .M363 2019
363.73874