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Surface and Interface Chemistry of Clay Minerals.

By: Schoonheydt, Robert.
Contributor(s): Johnston, Cliff T | Bergaya, Fa�iza.
Material type: materialTypeLabelBookSeries: Issn Ser: Publisher: San Diego : Elsevier, 2018Copyright date: �2018Description: 1 online resource (428 pages).Content type: text Media type: computer Carrier type: online resourceISBN: 9780081024331.Subject(s): Clay | Interfaces (Physical sciences)Genre/Form: Electronic books.DDC classification: 549.6 Online resources: Click to View
Contents:
Front Cover -- Surface and Interface Chemistry of Clay Minerals -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1: Clay minerals and their surfaces -- 1.1. TO or 1:1 and TOT or 2:1 clay minerals -- 1.2. Structural considerations -- 1.3. Isomorphous substitution -- 1.4. Consequences of isomorphous substitution -- 1.4.1. Cation exchange -- 1.4.2. Cation exchange capacity -- 1.4.3. Intercalation and swelling -- 1.5. Surfaces, surface areas, and surface sites -- 1.6. Surface atoms -- 1.7. Molecule-molecule and molecule-surface interactions -- 1.7.1. Molecule-molecule interactions -- 1.7.1.1. Ion-ion interactions -- 1.7.1.2. Dipole-dipole interactions -- 1.7.1.3. Charge-nonpolar interaction -- 1.7.1.4. Dipolar-nonpolar interaction -- 1.7.1.5. Nonpolar-nonpolar interactions -- 1.7.1.6. H-bonding: X-H-----Y -- 1.7.2. Molecule-surface and surface-surface interactions -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 2: Determination of surface areas and textural properties of clay minerals -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Nonswelling and nonmicroporous clay minerals -- 2.3. Microporous clay minerals -- 2.4. Swelling clay minerals -- 2.4.1. The dry state -- 2.4.1.1. Gas adsorption techniques using `classical adsorbates -- 2.4.1.2. Adsorption techniques using polar adsorbates -- 2.4.2. Swelling clay minerals dispersions -- 2.5. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 3: Quantum-chemical modelling of clay mineral surfaces and clay mineral-surface-adsorbate interactions -- 3.1. Quantum mechanical description of interatomic interactions -- 3.1.1. Hartree-Fock method -- 3.1.2. Density functional theory -- 3.1.3. Dispersion correction -- 3.1.4. Basis set -- 3.1.5. Effective core potentials -- 3.1.6. System size and boundary conditions -- 3.1.7. Structural optimisation and molecular dynamics simulations.
3.1.8. Ab initio spectroscopy -- 3.2. Simulations of clay minerals structure -- 3.2.1. Structure of TO/TOT layer and isomorphous substitutions -- 3.2.2. Structure of hydroxyl layer in 1:1 clay minerals -- 3.2.3. Structure of the interlayer and basal plane in 2:1 clay minerals -- 3.3. Elastic properties of clay minerals -- 3.4. Redox processes -- 3.5. Interaction of clay minerals with organic compounds -- 3.5.1. Natural organic matter and environmental engineering -- 3.5.2. Organic contaminants -- 3.5.3. Pillared organo-clay nanocomposites -- 3.5.4. Interaction with petroleum molecules -- 3.5.5. Adsorption of biomolecules -- 3.6. Acid-base properties of edge surfaces and cation complexation -- 3.6.1. Edge surface structures and surface pKa -- 3.6.2. Metal complexation at edge sites -- 3.7. Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4: Clay mineral-water interactions -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Water interactions with `neutral clay mineral surfaces -- 4.2.1. Talc and pyrophyllite -- 4.2.2. Kaolin group mineral -- 4.2.2.1.1. Kaolinite -- 4.2.2.1.2. Halloysite -- 4.3. Water interactions with `charged clay mineral surfaces (ion-dipole) -- 4.3.1. Smectites -- 4.4. Molecular probe and reporter group studies of smectite-water interactions -- 4.4.1. Vibrational studies of smectite-water interactions -- 4.4.2. NMR and EPR studies of smectite-water interactions -- 4.4.3. Inelastic and quasielastic neutron scattering of smectite-water interactions -- 4.4.4. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy -- 4.5. Probing the hydrophobic/hydrophilic character of clay mineral surfaces -- 4.6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Adsorption of heavy metals including radionuclides -- 5.1. Clay mineral adsorption mechanisms and modelling -- 5.1.1. Permanent charge: Cation exchange -- 5.1.2. Variable charge: Amphoteric edge sites -- 5.1.2.1. Acid-base reactions.
5.1.2.2. Surface complexation of cations on clay minerals -- 5.1.3. The 2 site protolysis nonelectrostatic surface complexation and cation exchange model -- 5.2. Adsorption of heavy metals and radionuclides on 2:1 clay minerals -- 5.2.1. Adsorption by cation exchange -- 5.2.1.1. Heavy metals and radionuclides -- 5.2.1.2. Rubidium, cesium and thallium -- 5.2.2. Adsorption by surface complexation -- 5.2.2.1. Cobalt, nickel and zinc -- 5.2.2.2. Tin and lead -- 5.2.3. Adsorption of radionuclides -- 5.2.3.1. Europium -- 5.2.3.2. Americium and curium -- 5.2.3.3. Thorium -- 5.2.3.4. Protactinium -- 5.2.3.5. Neptunium -- 5.2.3.6. Uranium -- 5.2.4. Influence of carbonate on the adsorption of Eu, Np, and U -- 5.3. Adsorption of iron on Mt -- 5.3.1. Fe2+ adsorption on Mt with no or low structural iron -- 5.3.1.1. Experimental adsorption data and modelling -- 5.3.1.2. Spectroscopic studies -- 5.3.2. Fe2+ adsorption on Mt with moderate structural iron -- 5.3.3. Influence of adsorbed iron on the uptake of redox-sensitive heavy metals -- References -- Chapter 6: From transition metal ion complexes to chiral clay minerals -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Stereochemistry of a clay mineral surface -- 6.3. Chirality recognition by a clay mineral surface modified with metal complexes -- 6.3.1. Clay mineral column chromatography for optical resolution -- 6.3.2. Chiral phosphorescent probes on a clay mineral surface -- 6.3.3. Asymmetric catalysis on a clay mineral surface -- 6.4. Solid-state VCD towards molecular recognition on a clay mineral surface -- 6.5. Summary and future development -- Appendix. Basic strategy of applying vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy to solid or film samples -- References -- Chapter 7: Organic pollutant adsorption on clay minerals -- 7.1. Pollutants? Definitions and scope of the chapter -- 7.2. Classification of pollutants.
7.2.1. Classification by origin -- 7.2.2. Classification by chemical nature -- 7.3. Pollutant adsorption mechanisms on clay minerals: An overview -- 7.3.1. Electrostatic interaction and ion exchange -- 7.3.2. Covalent bonds and coordinative bonding -- 7.3.3. Hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions, and hydrophobic effects -- 7.3.4. Putting it all together: The importance of water -- 7.4. Tools of the trade: Experimental studies of organic pollutants adsorption -- 7.4.1. Macroscopic characterisation -- 7.4.1.1. Isotherms, thermodynamics, and kinetics -- 7.4.1.2. Thermal analysis -- 7.4.1.3. Electrophoretic mobility -- 7.4.2. Molecular level characterisation -- 7.4.2.1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) -- 7.4.2.2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) -- 7.4.2.3. UV-visible absorption and fluorescence -- 7.4.2.4. Vibrational spectroscopy -- 7.4.2.5. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) -- 7.4.2.6. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) -- 7.4.3. Molecular modelling -- 7.5. Adsorption: A gateway to reactivity -- 7.6. Conclusion -- Appendix: A list of pollutant structures -- References -- Chapter 8: Protein adsorption on clay minerals -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. General considerations on protein adsorption -- 8.2.1. Binding force/binding site -- 8.2.2. Soft and hard proteins -- 8.3. Methodology to study protein adsorption -- 8.3.1. Interfacial concentration -- 8.3.1.1. Adsorption isotherms -- 8.3.1.2. Adsorption kinetics -- 8.3.2. Protein location -- 8.3.2.1. Transmission electronic microscopy -- 8.3.2.2. X-ray diffraction -- 8.3.3. Structural modification of proteins -- 8.3.3.1. Fourier transformed infrared -- 8.3.3.2. Fluorescence -- 8.3.3.3. Nuclear magnetic resonance -- 8.4. Parameters that influence protein adsorption -- 8.4.1. Clay mineral structure -- 8.4.2. Interlayer cation -- 8.4.3. pH of the adsorption solution.
8.5. An overview of the adsorption of different proteins -- 8.5.1. Bovine serum albumin -- 8.5.2. Enzymes -- 8.5.3. Structural proteins: collagen/gelatin/fibrinogen -- 8.5.4. Toxins -- 8.6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Clay mineral catalysts -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Structural formula of some 2:1 clay minerals -- 9.2.1. Smectite group of clay minerals -- 9.2.2. Structure of Mt -- 9.3. Properties of Mt -- 9.3.1. Isomorphous substitution and CEC -- 9.3.2. Acidity of the clay mineral -- 9.3.3. Metal ions and metal complexes exchanged Mt -- 9.3.4. Acid-modified nanoporous Mt -- 9.3.5. Acid-modified Mt as support for metal nanoparticles -- 9.4. Modified Mt for solid acid catalysis -- 9.4.1. Friedel-Crafts alkylations and acylations -- 9.4.2. Other substitutions reactions -- 9.4.3. Cycloaddition reactions -- 9.4.4. Ring-opening and condensation reactions -- 9.4.5. Heck and other reactions -- 9.4.6. Esterification reactions -- 9.4.7. Acid-activated nanoporous Mt and pillared clay mineral catalysts -- 9.5. Nanoporous Mt supported metal nanoparticles catalysts -- 9.6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: From polymers to clay polymer nanocomposites -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Clay minerals used in clay mineral polymer nanocomposites -- 10.3. Structures and surface properties of clay minerals -- 10.4. CPN obtained by cation exchange of a hydrophilic polymer with long alkyl chain/or a cationic monomer -- 10.5. CPN obtained by grafting of organophilic polymers with a hydrophilic group -- 10.6. CPN obtained by melt intercalation of a pristine clay mineral with hydrophilic or organophilic polymer and surfactant -- 10.7. Other strategies of CPN synthesis with organophilic polymers -- 10.7.1. Hydrophobization of clay minerals by exchange with cationic species with long alkyl chain or with monomers follow ...
10.7.2. Hydrophobization by covalent grafting of a compatibilizer on basal surfaces and/or at the edges of clay minerals.
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Front Cover -- Surface and Interface Chemistry of Clay Minerals -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1: Clay minerals and their surfaces -- 1.1. TO or 1:1 and TOT or 2:1 clay minerals -- 1.2. Structural considerations -- 1.3. Isomorphous substitution -- 1.4. Consequences of isomorphous substitution -- 1.4.1. Cation exchange -- 1.4.2. Cation exchange capacity -- 1.4.3. Intercalation and swelling -- 1.5. Surfaces, surface areas, and surface sites -- 1.6. Surface atoms -- 1.7. Molecule-molecule and molecule-surface interactions -- 1.7.1. Molecule-molecule interactions -- 1.7.1.1. Ion-ion interactions -- 1.7.1.2. Dipole-dipole interactions -- 1.7.1.3. Charge-nonpolar interaction -- 1.7.1.4. Dipolar-nonpolar interaction -- 1.7.1.5. Nonpolar-nonpolar interactions -- 1.7.1.6. H-bonding: X-H-----Y -- 1.7.2. Molecule-surface and surface-surface interactions -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 2: Determination of surface areas and textural properties of clay minerals -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Nonswelling and nonmicroporous clay minerals -- 2.3. Microporous clay minerals -- 2.4. Swelling clay minerals -- 2.4.1. The dry state -- 2.4.1.1. Gas adsorption techniques using `classical adsorbates -- 2.4.1.2. Adsorption techniques using polar adsorbates -- 2.4.2. Swelling clay minerals dispersions -- 2.5. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 3: Quantum-chemical modelling of clay mineral surfaces and clay mineral-surface-adsorbate interactions -- 3.1. Quantum mechanical description of interatomic interactions -- 3.1.1. Hartree-Fock method -- 3.1.2. Density functional theory -- 3.1.3. Dispersion correction -- 3.1.4. Basis set -- 3.1.5. Effective core potentials -- 3.1.6. System size and boundary conditions -- 3.1.7. Structural optimisation and molecular dynamics simulations.

3.1.8. Ab initio spectroscopy -- 3.2. Simulations of clay minerals structure -- 3.2.1. Structure of TO/TOT layer and isomorphous substitutions -- 3.2.2. Structure of hydroxyl layer in 1:1 clay minerals -- 3.2.3. Structure of the interlayer and basal plane in 2:1 clay minerals -- 3.3. Elastic properties of clay minerals -- 3.4. Redox processes -- 3.5. Interaction of clay minerals with organic compounds -- 3.5.1. Natural organic matter and environmental engineering -- 3.5.2. Organic contaminants -- 3.5.3. Pillared organo-clay nanocomposites -- 3.5.4. Interaction with petroleum molecules -- 3.5.5. Adsorption of biomolecules -- 3.6. Acid-base properties of edge surfaces and cation complexation -- 3.6.1. Edge surface structures and surface pKa -- 3.6.2. Metal complexation at edge sites -- 3.7. Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4: Clay mineral-water interactions -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Water interactions with `neutral clay mineral surfaces -- 4.2.1. Talc and pyrophyllite -- 4.2.2. Kaolin group mineral -- 4.2.2.1.1. Kaolinite -- 4.2.2.1.2. Halloysite -- 4.3. Water interactions with `charged clay mineral surfaces (ion-dipole) -- 4.3.1. Smectites -- 4.4. Molecular probe and reporter group studies of smectite-water interactions -- 4.4.1. Vibrational studies of smectite-water interactions -- 4.4.2. NMR and EPR studies of smectite-water interactions -- 4.4.3. Inelastic and quasielastic neutron scattering of smectite-water interactions -- 4.4.4. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy -- 4.5. Probing the hydrophobic/hydrophilic character of clay mineral surfaces -- 4.6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Adsorption of heavy metals including radionuclides -- 5.1. Clay mineral adsorption mechanisms and modelling -- 5.1.1. Permanent charge: Cation exchange -- 5.1.2. Variable charge: Amphoteric edge sites -- 5.1.2.1. Acid-base reactions.

5.1.2.2. Surface complexation of cations on clay minerals -- 5.1.3. The 2 site protolysis nonelectrostatic surface complexation and cation exchange model -- 5.2. Adsorption of heavy metals and radionuclides on 2:1 clay minerals -- 5.2.1. Adsorption by cation exchange -- 5.2.1.1. Heavy metals and radionuclides -- 5.2.1.2. Rubidium, cesium and thallium -- 5.2.2. Adsorption by surface complexation -- 5.2.2.1. Cobalt, nickel and zinc -- 5.2.2.2. Tin and lead -- 5.2.3. Adsorption of radionuclides -- 5.2.3.1. Europium -- 5.2.3.2. Americium and curium -- 5.2.3.3. Thorium -- 5.2.3.4. Protactinium -- 5.2.3.5. Neptunium -- 5.2.3.6. Uranium -- 5.2.4. Influence of carbonate on the adsorption of Eu, Np, and U -- 5.3. Adsorption of iron on Mt -- 5.3.1. Fe2+ adsorption on Mt with no or low structural iron -- 5.3.1.1. Experimental adsorption data and modelling -- 5.3.1.2. Spectroscopic studies -- 5.3.2. Fe2+ adsorption on Mt with moderate structural iron -- 5.3.3. Influence of adsorbed iron on the uptake of redox-sensitive heavy metals -- References -- Chapter 6: From transition metal ion complexes to chiral clay minerals -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Stereochemistry of a clay mineral surface -- 6.3. Chirality recognition by a clay mineral surface modified with metal complexes -- 6.3.1. Clay mineral column chromatography for optical resolution -- 6.3.2. Chiral phosphorescent probes on a clay mineral surface -- 6.3.3. Asymmetric catalysis on a clay mineral surface -- 6.4. Solid-state VCD towards molecular recognition on a clay mineral surface -- 6.5. Summary and future development -- Appendix. Basic strategy of applying vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy to solid or film samples -- References -- Chapter 7: Organic pollutant adsorption on clay minerals -- 7.1. Pollutants? Definitions and scope of the chapter -- 7.2. Classification of pollutants.

7.2.1. Classification by origin -- 7.2.2. Classification by chemical nature -- 7.3. Pollutant adsorption mechanisms on clay minerals: An overview -- 7.3.1. Electrostatic interaction and ion exchange -- 7.3.2. Covalent bonds and coordinative bonding -- 7.3.3. Hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions, and hydrophobic effects -- 7.3.4. Putting it all together: The importance of water -- 7.4. Tools of the trade: Experimental studies of organic pollutants adsorption -- 7.4.1. Macroscopic characterisation -- 7.4.1.1. Isotherms, thermodynamics, and kinetics -- 7.4.1.2. Thermal analysis -- 7.4.1.3. Electrophoretic mobility -- 7.4.2. Molecular level characterisation -- 7.4.2.1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) -- 7.4.2.2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) -- 7.4.2.3. UV-visible absorption and fluorescence -- 7.4.2.4. Vibrational spectroscopy -- 7.4.2.5. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) -- 7.4.2.6. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) -- 7.4.3. Molecular modelling -- 7.5. Adsorption: A gateway to reactivity -- 7.6. Conclusion -- Appendix: A list of pollutant structures -- References -- Chapter 8: Protein adsorption on clay minerals -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. General considerations on protein adsorption -- 8.2.1. Binding force/binding site -- 8.2.2. Soft and hard proteins -- 8.3. Methodology to study protein adsorption -- 8.3.1. Interfacial concentration -- 8.3.1.1. Adsorption isotherms -- 8.3.1.2. Adsorption kinetics -- 8.3.2. Protein location -- 8.3.2.1. Transmission electronic microscopy -- 8.3.2.2. X-ray diffraction -- 8.3.3. Structural modification of proteins -- 8.3.3.1. Fourier transformed infrared -- 8.3.3.2. Fluorescence -- 8.3.3.3. Nuclear magnetic resonance -- 8.4. Parameters that influence protein adsorption -- 8.4.1. Clay mineral structure -- 8.4.2. Interlayer cation -- 8.4.3. pH of the adsorption solution.

8.5. An overview of the adsorption of different proteins -- 8.5.1. Bovine serum albumin -- 8.5.2. Enzymes -- 8.5.3. Structural proteins: collagen/gelatin/fibrinogen -- 8.5.4. Toxins -- 8.6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Clay mineral catalysts -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Structural formula of some 2:1 clay minerals -- 9.2.1. Smectite group of clay minerals -- 9.2.2. Structure of Mt -- 9.3. Properties of Mt -- 9.3.1. Isomorphous substitution and CEC -- 9.3.2. Acidity of the clay mineral -- 9.3.3. Metal ions and metal complexes exchanged Mt -- 9.3.4. Acid-modified nanoporous Mt -- 9.3.5. Acid-modified Mt as support for metal nanoparticles -- 9.4. Modified Mt for solid acid catalysis -- 9.4.1. Friedel-Crafts alkylations and acylations -- 9.4.2. Other substitutions reactions -- 9.4.3. Cycloaddition reactions -- 9.4.4. Ring-opening and condensation reactions -- 9.4.5. Heck and other reactions -- 9.4.6. Esterification reactions -- 9.4.7. Acid-activated nanoporous Mt and pillared clay mineral catalysts -- 9.5. Nanoporous Mt supported metal nanoparticles catalysts -- 9.6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: From polymers to clay polymer nanocomposites -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Clay minerals used in clay mineral polymer nanocomposites -- 10.3. Structures and surface properties of clay minerals -- 10.4. CPN obtained by cation exchange of a hydrophilic polymer with long alkyl chain/or a cationic monomer -- 10.5. CPN obtained by grafting of organophilic polymers with a hydrophilic group -- 10.6. CPN obtained by melt intercalation of a pristine clay mineral with hydrophilic or organophilic polymer and surfactant -- 10.7. Other strategies of CPN synthesis with organophilic polymers -- 10.7.1. Hydrophobization of clay minerals by exchange with cationic species with long alkyl chain or with monomers follow ...

10.7.2. Hydrophobization by covalent grafting of a compatibilizer on basal surfaces and/or at the edges of clay minerals.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2020. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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