Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations and acronyms -- Executive summary -- Accumulating space debris puts the sustainability of space activities at risk -- New approaches to quantifying the costs of space debris and the value of space infrastructure -- New economic evidence on different policy options in space debris management -- Policy implications and next steps -- 1 Space sustainability and the OECD -- What is "space sustainability"? -- Why study space sustainability at the OECD? -- The OECD project on the economics of space sustainability -- The economics of space debris: Setting a research agenda -- New contributions to understanding the value and sustainability of space-based infrastructure -- The project's preliminary results -- Next steps of the project -- Earth's Orbits at Risk: The Economics of Space Sustainability -- Identifying the potential costs of space debris related to the socio-economic value derived from selected segments of the space-based infrastructure: -- Providing options for debris mitigation and remediation and ways to support potential future markets to address the problem: -- References -- 2 Space sustainability as the next major societal challenge -- Growing socio-economic dependence on space assets -- Growing risks to space-based infrastructure -- Space weather events -- Mounting pressure on the radio frequency spectrum and increased risk of interference -- Catastrophic accidents on orbit -- The increasing risk of collisions in space and why it matters -- The costs of space debris -- Identifying current costs for different types of users -- Longer term costs -- Addressing the problem -- Efforts to mitigate and remediate space debris -- Avoiding collisions -- Remediating debris -- Creating incentives for operators -- References.

3 An environmental economics framework for measuring the cost of space debris -- Introduction -- Modelling the cost of impact events -- A model from a global perspective -- Applying the model to the national level -- Discussion on the OECD's impact categories -- Estimating the costs -- The value of satellites (, .) -- The value of property and resources (, .) -- The value of statistical life (, .) -- Discussion and conclusions -- References -- Notes -- 4 Identifying the costs caused by an irreversible deterioration of the orbital regimes -- Introduction -- Direct and indirect costs -- Cost dynamics -- Temporal evolution -- Value of space-enabled economic activity -- Space-enabled economic activity -- Dependency model -- Financial model -- Economic value at risk -- Collision probability calculations -- Interpretation of results -- Discussion and conclusions -- Limitations and future developments -- References -- 5 Socio-economic benefits of earth observation: Insights from firms in Italy -- Introduction -- The downstream sector and the socio-economic benefits of earth observation -- An overview of the earth observation downstream sector -- The socio-economic benefits stemming from earth observation data -- Method -- Main results -- Firms' characteristics, use of earth observation data and services offered in Italy -- The socio-economic benefits of EO from the point of view of firms -- The main obstacles to the diffusion of earth observation products and services according to firms -- Conclusions and policy recommendations -- References -- Notes -- 6 Economic theory applied to space debris scenarios -- Introduction -- The space debris issue -- Orbits ecosystems as Earth natural ecosystems: Common-pool resources issues -- Methodology -- SDM 5.0 Evolutionary Model -- Description of the scenarios -- Space debris mitigation results.

The attractiveness model analysis -- The decision analysis model -- Conclusions -- References -- Note -- Annex 6.A. Risk assessment of post-mission disposal and active debris removal approaches -- Post-mission disposal -- Active debris removal -- 7 On the emergence of an active debris removal market -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Definition of on-orbit servicing and active debris removal -- Results -- Projects initiated by public actors -- Projects initiated by private actors -- Projects involving public and private actors -- Discussion -- Hypothesis 1: Active debris removal as a segment of on-orbit servicing -- Hypothesis 2: The specific dynamics of active debris removal projects -- Conclusions -- References -- Note -- 8 Estimation of the costs and benefits of debris mitigation -- Introduction -- Contents -- Model set-up -- Single provider of satellite services -- Competing providers of satellite services -- A competitive market for satellite services -- Inefficiency and mitigation measures -- Value of space activity -- Economic impact of space activities -- Calibration of the model -- Data and empirical results -- Estimating the probability of collision -- Mitigation measures -- Conclusions -- References -- 9 An efficiency analysis of space launch activities -- Introduction -- Methods and data -- Methodological framework -- Data -- Results -- Conclusions -- References -- Notes.

This publication takes stock of the growing socio-economic dependence of our modern societies on space assets, and the general threats to space-based infrastructure from debris in particular. Notably, it provides fresh insights into the value of space-based infrastructure and the potential costs generated by space debris, drawing on new academic research developed especially for the OECD project on the economics of space sustainability.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2023. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.