Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1: Legal Aid in the Nordic Countries -- Nordic Legal Aid Research -- Purpose of the Book -- Outline -- References -- 2: Legal Aid in Norway -- Brief Overview and Introduction -- Research on Legal Aid in Norway -- The Public Legal Aid Judicare Scheme -- History -- Eligibility -- Financial Eligibility -- Material Criteria -- Other Criteria -- Grants and Providers of Legal Aid -- Administration of the Legal Aid Scheme for Civil Matters -- Use of Public Legal Aid Schemes -- Use of the Judicare Scheme for Legal Assistance Outside Court -- Use of the Judicare Scheme for Legal Aid in Court Proceedings -- Legal Aid Expenditure -- Expenditure on Legal Assistance Outside Courts -- Legal Representation Under the Judicare Scheme -- Expenditure on Alternative Legal Aid Schemes -- Public Legal Aid Offices -- Legal Expenses Insurance -- Alternative Legal Aid Schemes -- Pro Bono Work -- Student-Run Legal Aid Clinics -- Gatejuristen -- Norwegian Association for Asylum Seekers: NOAS -- Legal Aid Policy and Legal Aid Reform -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 3: Legal Aid in Sweden -- Introduction -- Historical Background -- Previous Research on Legal Aid in Sweden -- Legal Expenses Insurance -- The Public Legal Aid Scheme -- Entitlement Criteria -- General Restrictions -- Procedural Issues -- Conclusions on Entitlement to Public Legal Aid -- Providers Under the Scheme -- Use of Legal Aid4 -- Spending on the Scheme -- Legal Aid Through Trade Unions -- Alternative Legal Aid Initiatives -- Pro Bono Legal Assistance -- Voluntary Student Legal Clinics -- Concluding Discussion -- References -- 4: Legal Aid in Finland -- Introduction -- Details and Function of the Finnish Legal Aid System -- Entitlement and Eligibility -- Legal Aid in PLA Offices -- Legal Aid Cases Handled by Private Attorneys.

Expenditure9 -- Alternative Legal Aid Initiatives -- Legal Expenses Insurance -- Other Legal Aid Initiatives -- Recent Policy Developments and Strategies for Publicly-funded Legal Aid -- The Debate on the Mixed Legal Aid Model in the Twenty-first Century -- Conclusion -- References -- 5: Legal Aid in Denmark -- Introduction and Historical Background -- Legal Aid Research -- Different Legal Aid Schemes2 -- Pre-trial Legal Aid -- Legal Aid Providers -- The Use of Pre-trial Legal Aid -- Free Legal Aid (Fri Proces): Legal Aid in Regard to Lawsuits and Legal Proceedings -- The Use of Free Legal Aid in Lawsuits -- The Administration of, and Expenditure on, Legal Aid -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6: Legal Aid in Iceland -- Introduction -- Historical Background to the Development of the Law on Legal Aid -- The Current Legislation on Legal Aid in Civil Cases and its Administration -- Backlash During the Boom Years -- In the Eye of the Economic Storm -- Legal Aid Applicants and Recipients -- Gender Analysis -- Legal Expenses Insurance -- Access to Free Legal Counselling -- Conclusion -- References -- 7: Juss-Buss [Law Bus]: A Student-run Legal Aid Clinic -- Introduction -- Staff, Funding, and Case Types -- Case Types Mirroring Flaws in the Welfare State -- Workplace Organisation and Standardisation of Workflow -- Training -- Translating the Law into Everyday Language -- Referral Service for Clients -- Outreach Initiatives: With the Aim to Empower and Influence the Political Agenda -- 'Troubles-Talks' -- Help to Self-Help -- Legal Policy Work -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8: Gadejuristen [The Street Lawyers]: Offering Legal Aid to Socially Marginalised People -- Introduction -- The Organisation of Gadejuristen -- Staff, Funding, and Type of Cases -- Gadejuristen Cases -- The Work of Gadejuristen.

Navigating in the Welfare State: Gadejuristen as Mediators -- Working on a Societal Level -- The Street Lawyer Method -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 9: Ex-prisoners' Need for Legal Aid in Denmark -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Lack of Legal Support for Ex-prisoners -- Ex-prisoners' Multifaceted Problems -- Need for an Income Combined with Complex Legal and Non-legal Problems Post-prison -- Housing Need Combined with Complex Post-prison Legal and Non-legal Problems -- Debt and Criminal History Challenge Income and Housing -- Intertwined Legal Aid Approach -- Difficulties in Transforming Multifaceted Needs into Legal Issues, and Applying for Help -- Trust and Seeking Comfort Amid Distrust and Discomfort -- New Legal Aid Initiative: Cross-functional Mentors Pre- and Post-release -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 10: Nordic Legal Aid and 'Access to Justice' in Human Rights. A European Perspective -- Introduction -- Legal Aid Ideology in the Nordic Schemes -- Nordic Delivery Models -- Main Entitlement Criteria -- Problem Criteria -- Poverty Criteria -- Welfare Ideology Behind the Finnish and Norwegian Schemes -- The European Court of Human Rights' Case Law on 'Access to Justice' -- Main Features of the 'Access to Justice' Perspective -- The Obligation to Provide Legal Aid -- Comparisons to Nordic Legal Aid -- The European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ): A New Instrument for Improving Legal Aid? -- The CoE's Soft Law on Legal Aid -- The CEPEJ's Main Challenges Concerning Legal Aid -- What Does the European Judicial Survey Tell Us About the Performance of European Legal Aid? -- The Overall Picture -- Nordic Legal Aid in the European Setting -- The CEPEJ's Evaluation of European Legal Aid Schemes -- Conclusion -- References -- Legislation and Other Legislative Documents -- Finland: -- Norway: -- Council of Europe/CEPEJ:.

11: Legal Aid and Clinical Legal Education in Europe and the USA: Are They Compatible? -- Introduction -- Definitions: Clinical Legal Education and Legal Aid -- Clinical Education -- Legal Aid and 'Legal Services' -- Legal Aid and Clinics in the USA: The Reagan Assault on Legal Services -- The Earliest US Clinics: Europe's Surprising Role -- The Second Wave: Social Activism in the 60s and Beyond -- Crisis: Reagan's Attacks on Legal Services via Clinics -- Early Legal Clinics in Central Europe: Poland's Clinical Links to Legal Aid -- Post-Soviet Rapid Expansion of Clinics -- The Polish Case -- The Polish Legal Clinics Foundation (FUPP) as Unifying Influence -- The Aftermath: Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom Throughout Europe and the USA -- References -- 12: Juridification, Marginalised Persons and Competence to Mobilise the Law -- Introduction -- The Theory of Juridification and Law-­Dissociated Seekers of Justice -- Habermas' Concept of Juridification and Legal Policy Proposals as Seen by Norwegian Legal Aid Research -- The Development from Weber's Formal Rationality to the Procedural Rules of the Welfare State and the Consequences for Those Seeking Justice -- Conclusion on Mobilising the Law -- References -- 13: Outsourcing Legal Aid in the  Nordic Welfare States -- Introduction -- Legal Aid in the Nordic Countries -- Legal Aid in the Nordic Countries: A Nordic Model? -- Third Sector Initiatives -- Individualisation of Legal Aid -- Conclusion -- References -- Index.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2023. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.