Visual Securitization -- Preface -- References -- Acknowledgments -- Note -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Contributions -- 1.2 Why �How Do We See Refugees� Matters -- 1.3 Research Design -- 1.3.1 The Syrian Crisis -- 1.4 The Non-governmental Organizations -- 1.5 Multi-modal Analysis -- 1.5.1 Images Collection and Classification -- 1.5.2 Multi-sited Fieldwork -- 1.6 Methodological Considerations -- 1.7 The Content of this Book -- References -- Part I: The Theory and Methodology of Visual Securitization -- Chapter 2: Humanitarianism, Securitization and Humanitarian Communication -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Humanitarianism and Its Complicated Relationship with Politics -- 2.3 NGOs and Global Governance -- 2.3.1 NGOs and Global Governance: A General Overview -- 2.3.2 Humanitarian NGOs Role in Global Governance -- 2.3.2.1 The Features of Contemporary Humanitarianism or 'New Humanitarianism' -- 2.3.2.2 Advocacy -- 2.3.2.3 Humanitarian Governance -- 2.4 Securitization and Humanitarianism -- 2.4.1 Security, Securitization and the Copenhagen School -- 2.4.2 Securitization, Societal Security and Human Security -- 2.4.3 Securitization and Humanitarianism -- 2.5 Humanitarian Communication -- 2.5.1 Humanitarian NGOs and Marketing -- 2.5.2 Humanitarian Communication -- 2.5.2.1 Visual Representation of Refugees -- 2.6 To Be Continued… -- References -- Chapter 3: A Visual Approach -- 3.1 Framing the Field -- 3.2 A Semiotic Analysis of Images -- 3.3 Visual Social Semiotics -- 3.4 The Representational Meaning -- 3.4.1 Narrative Structure -- 3.4.2 Conceptual Structure -- 3.5 The Interactive Meaning -- 3.5.1 Contact -- 3.5.2 Distance -- 3.5.3 Perspective -- 3.6 The Compositional Meaning -- 3.6.1 Position and Information Value -- 3.6.2 Salience and Framing -- 3.6.3 Modality -- 3.7 Iconography.

3.8 Photography, Power and 'Claims of Truth' -- 3.9 Polysemy and the Possibility of Different Readings -- References -- Part II: Humanitarian Representation and Migration Governance -- Chapter 4: Humanitarian NGOs and Global Governance: One, No One and One Hundred Thousand Humanitarian NGOs -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Save the Children -- 4.2.1 Save the Children and Society -- 4.2.2 Save the Children and Syrian Displacement -- 4.3 Oxfam -- 4.3.1 Oxfam and Society -- 4.3.2 Oxfam and Syrian Displacement -- 4.4 CARE -- 4.4.1 CARE and Society -- 4.4.2 CARE and Syrian Displacement -- 4.5 M�edecins Sans Fronti�eres -- 4.5.1 MSF and Society -- 4.5.2 MSF and Syrian Displacement -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Threatening - The Refugee as a Threat -- 5.1 Introduction: The Refugee as a Threat -- 5.2 Visual Threats -- 5.2.1 Vectors Without Goal (Fig. 5.1) -- 5.2.2 The Rhetoric of Emergency (Fig. 5.2) -- 5.2.3 Boats, Refugees at Sea, and Rubber Dinghies (Fig. 5.3) -- 5.2.4 Conceptual Structures (Fig. 5.4) -- 5.2.5 The Other -- 5.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Threatened, the Refugee as the Referent Object -- 6.1 Introduction - The Refugee as Referent Object -- 6.2 Protection and Securitization -- 6.3 Visually Threatened - Human Security and Securitization -- 6.3.1 Pity (Fig. 6.1) -- 6.3.2 Victimization (Figs. 6.2, 6.3) -- 6.3.3 Infantilization -- 6.3.4 Suffering, Physical Pain and Death (Fig. 6.4) -- 6.3.5 Innocence -- 6.3.6 The Savior Hero (Fig. 6.5) -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: The (In)Visibility of Migrants -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Impalpable Importance of Invisibility -- 7.2.1 The Invisibility of Politics -- 7.2.2 The Invisibility of Protest -- 7.2.3 The Invisibility of Threat (Fig. 7.1) -- 7.2.3.1 Bombing, Weapons, Tanks, and Soldiers -- 7.2.3.2 Top Protection Issues.

7.2.4 Refugees Voices: Silence and Invisibility -- 7.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Conclusion -- 8.1 Transnational Humanitarian NGOs and Global Governance -- 8.2 Transnational Humanitarian NGOs and Securitization -- 8.2.1 On the Possibility of 'Good' Securitization -- 8.3 Glimmers -- References.

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