Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- 1: Science for the Future: The Use of Citizen Science in Marine Research and Conservation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 The History of Citizen Science -- 1.1.2 Marine Citizen Science -- 1.1.3 Citizen Science as a Tool in Research and Conservation -- 1.2 Methodology -- 1.2.1 Project Selection -- 1.3 Identified Trends Across Marine Citizen Science Projects -- 1.3.1 Geographic Location -- 1.3.1.1 Spatial Coverage -- 1.3.1.2 Environmental Coverage -- 1.3.2 Participant Demographics -- 1.3.2.1 Participant Recruitment -- 1.3.2.2 Participant Training -- 1.3.3 Tasks Undertaken -- 1.3.4 Data Directionality -- 1.3.4.1 Data Quality -- 1.3.4.2 Data Publication -- 1.3.4.3 Policy Development -- 1.3.4.4 Data Storage -- 1.3.4.4.1 Species Distribution -- 1.3.4.4.2 Invasive Non-Native Species -- 1.3.4.4.3 Marine Debris -- 1.3.4.4.4 Marine Protected Areas -- 1.4 Challenges and Strengths of Marine Citizen Science -- 1.4.1 Challenges -- 1.4.1.1 Participant Motivation -- 1.4.1.2 Data Concerns -- 1.4.2 Strengths -- 1.4.2.1 The Many Eyes Hypothesis -- 1.4.2.2 Marine Stewardship -- 1.5 Summary -- Appendix -- Supplementary Material -- References -- 2: A Literature Review on Stakeholder Participation in Coastal and Marine Fisheries -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Material and Methods -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 Paper Review: Stakeholders -- 2.3.1.1 Term Definition -- 2.3.1.2 Stakeholder Analysis -- 2.3.1.3 Stakeholder Types -- 2.3.1.4 Relationships Between Stakeholder Types -- 2.3.2 Paper Review: Participation -- 2.3.2.1 Term Definition -- 2.3.2.2 Participatory Tools -- 2.3.2.3 Intention for Participation -- 2.3.3 Reflection on the Joint Term Stakeholder and Participation -- 2.4 Discussion -- 2.4.1 Stakeholder.

2.4.1.1 Term Definition and Stakeholder Analysis -- 2.4.1.2 Stakeholder Clusters -- 2.4.2 Participation -- 2.4.2.1 Term Definition and Typologies -- 2.5 Conclusion -- Supplementary Material -- Appendix -- References -- 3: Law and Policy Dimensions of Ocean Governance -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Ocean Governance: A Conceptual Development -- 3.2.1 Historical Development -- 3.2.2 The Concept of Ocean Governance -- 3.2.3 Zonal and Sectoral Aspects to Ocean Governance -- 3.3 Norms and Tools Pertaining to Ocean Governance -- 3.3.1 Norms Pertinent to Ocean Governance -- 3.3.2 Tools Pertinent to Ocean Governance -- 3.4 Critical Discussion of Ocean Governance -- 3.4.1 Neoliberalism and Property Rights as a Form of Ocean Governance -- 3.4.1.1 The Case of Fisheries and Quota Management Systems -- 3.4.1.2 The Case of Ocean Grabbing -- 3.4.2 Communities and Indigenous People and Ocean Governance -- 3.5 Overcoming the Obstacle: Cooperation to Address a Common Concern and the Importance of Marine Scientific Research -- 3.6 Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- 4: Status of Marine Biodiversity in the Anthropocene -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Global Marine Species Diversity -- 4.3 Trends in Marine Biodiversity Loss and its Consequences -- 4.4 Looking Beyond Extinctions: Population Declines in the Marine Realm -- 4.5 The Distribution of Anthropogenic Stressors in the Marine Environment -- 4.6 Mitigating Local-Scale Anthropogenic Stressors on Marine Biodiversity -- 4.7 Conclusions -- Appendix -- Supplementary Material A: Methods to Estimate Species Diversity -- Early Attempts -- Extrapolating Based on Past Rates of Species Discovery -- Estimates Based on Expert Opinion -- Supplementary Material B: Compilation of Threats Database -- References.

5: Challenges in Marine Restoration Ecology: How Techniques, Assessment Metrics, and Ecosystem Valuation Can Lead to Improved Restoration Success -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Habitat-Level Restoration -- 5.2.1 Habitat-Level Restoration Techniques -- 5.2.2 Selective Breeding to Increase Restoration Technique Success -- 5.3 Measurements of Restoration Success -- 5.3.1 Survival -- 5.3.2 Ecosystem Services -- 5.4 Ecosystem Services as a Method to Link Restoration to Socioeconomic Sciences -- 5.5 Discussion -- 5.6 Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- 6: Understanding How Microplastics Affect Marine Biota on the Cellular Level Is Important for Assessing Ecosystem Function: A Review -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Interactions of Different Organisms with Microplastics -- 6.2.1 Microplastic Interaction with Aquatic Primary Producers -- 6.2.2 Microplastic Interactions with Invertebrates -- 6.2.3 Microplastic Interactions with Vertebrates -- 6.3 The Physical Aspect: Consequences of Microplastic Uptake -- 6.4 The Cellular Aspect: When Microplastic Particles Translocate into the Tissue -- 6.4.1 Biomarkers Revealing the Effects of Microplastic on the Cellular Level -- 6.5 The Chemical Aspect: Uptake of Leachates from Microplastics into the Body -- 6.5.1 Leaching Additives and Persistent Organic Pollutants: The Real Threat? -- 6.5.2 Microplastics as a Vector for Pathogens -- 6.6 Trophic Cascade -- 6.7 Microplastics and Human Health -- 6.8 Research Gaps and Future Work -- 6.9 Summary -- Appendix -- References -- 7: Chemical Biodiversity and Bioactivities of Saponins in Echinodermata with an Emphasis on Sea Cucumbers (Holothuroidea) -- 7.1 Marine Natural Products (MNPs) -- 7.2 MNPs in Echinoderms -- 7.2.1 Crinoids (Feather Stars and Sea Lilies) -- 7.2.2 Asteroids (Sea Stars) -- 7.2.3 Ophiuroids (Brittle Stars).

7.2.4 Echinoids (Sea Urchins) -- 7.2.5 Holothuroids (Sea Cucumbers) -- 7.3 Saponins in Echinoderms -- 7.3.1 Structural Diversity of Saponins in Holothuroids -- 7.4 Discussion and Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- 8: Secondary Metabolites of Marine Microbes: From Natural Products Chemistry to Chemical Ecology -- 8.1 Introduction: Definition of Secondary Metabolism -- 8.2 Marine Natural Products Chemistry: The Ocean as a Rich and Versatile Habitat -- 8.2.1 Marine Bacteria: Widely Distributed Producers of Promising Natural Products -- 8.2.2 Marine Fungi: Bioprospecting the Future -- 8.3 Marine Chemical Ecology: Predator-Prey Interactions and Competition -- 8.3.1 Marine Invertebrate Larvae Settlement: Role of Secondary Metabolites -- 8.3.2 Coral Larvae Settlement: Search for Novel Settlement Cues -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- 9: Sponges Revealed: A Synthesis of Their Overlooked Ecological Functions Within Aquatic Ecosystems -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sponge Characteristics -- 9.2.1 History and Phylogeny -- 9.2.2 Morphology -- 9.2.3 Diet -- 9.2.4 Life History -- 9.3 Sponges as Habitat Providers -- 9.3.1 Tropical Habitat Providers -- 9.3.2 Deep-Sea Habitat Providers -- 9.3.3 Arctic Habitat Providers -- 9.3.4 Habitat for Commercially Important Species -- 9.4 Nutrient Cycling by Sponges -- 9.4.1 Sponge Loop -- 9.4.2 Carbon Cycling by Sponges -- 9.4.3 Nitrogen Cycling by Sponges -- 9.4.4 Phosphorous Cycling by Sponges -- 9.5 Marine Natural Products from Sponges -- 9.5.1 Introduction -- 9.5.2 Potential for Exploitation -- 9.5.3 Culturing of Sponges -- 9.6 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- 10: Theories, Vectors, and Computer Models: Marine Invasion Science in the Anthropocene -- 10.1 Non-indigenous and Invasive Species -- 10.2 Anthropogenic Vectors -- 10.2.1 Vessel Fouling.

10.2.2 Ballast Water -- 10.2.3 Mariculture -- 10.2.4 Static Maritime Structures -- 10.2.5 Marine Litter -- 10.2.6 Climate Change -- 10.3 Forecasting -- 10.3.1 Limitations of Models Through Knowledge Gaps -- 10.3.2 Invasions and Niche Shifts -- 10.3.3 Assessing Invasions -- 10.4 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- 11: Benthos-Pelagos Interconnectivity: Antarctic Shelf Examples -- 11.1 Bentho-Pelagic or Pelago-Benthic Coupling? A Short Introduction -- 11.1.1 Pelago-benthic Coupling -- 11.1.2 Bentho-pelagic Coupling -- 11.2 Regulating Factors of Benthic and Pelagic Processes -- 11.2.1 Sea Ice -- 11.2.2 Depth, Topography, Currents, and Wind -- 11.2.3 Seasonality and Particle Flux -- 11.2.3.1 Pelagic Realm -- 11.2.3.2 Deposition and Resuspension -- 11.2.3.3 Benthic Realm -- 11.3 Regional Patterns in Coupling Processes -- 11.3.1 West Antarctic Peninsula -- 11.3.2 Eastern Weddell Sea Shelf -- 11.3.3 The Changing Situation of Larsen -- 11.4 Outlook -- Appendix -- References -- 12: Investigating the Land-Sea Transition Zone -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The Hydrochemical Evolution of Coastal Fresh Groundwater: Using Barrier Island Freshwater Lenses as an Example -- 12.3 Nutrients and Trace Metals in Subterranean Estuaries of Sandy Beach Sediments -- 12.4 Dissolved Organic Matter in the Subterranean Estuary -- 12.5 Microbial Community Composition of the Subterranean Estuary -- 12.6 Radiotracers: A Useful Toolbox for Quantifying Rates and Fluxes -- 12.6.1 Estimating Pore Water Residence Times -- 12.6.2 Quantification of Submarine Groundwater Discharge -- 12.7 Developing a New Type of Seepage Meter -- 12.8 Outlook -- Appendix -- References -- 13: Fisheries and Tourism: Social, Economic, and Ecological Trade-offs in Coral Reef Systems -- 13.1 Context -- 13.2 Ecosystem Services.

13.3 Impacts and Trends of Fisheries and Tourism.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2023. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.