Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Main Messages -- Overview -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Digital Technologies: Enabling Technological Transformation for Jobs -- What are digital technologies? -- Africa's jobs and technology challenges -- Impacts of digital technology use on jobs and poverty -- Africa's large internet uptake gap -- Data and knowledge gaps for future work -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Enterprises: Creating Better Jobs for More People through Innovation -- Digital technology use by African enterprises -- COVID-19 and digital divides -- Drivers of enterprise use -- Technology policies for more and better firms -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Households: Supporting Productive Use of DTs for Inclusive Economic Impact -- Household internet use is low, uneven, but growing -- The COVID-19 paradox: Increased internet usage but widened digital divides -- Understanding constraints to household internet use -- A policy framework to transform use into inclusive impact -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Digital and Data Infrastructure: Stimulating Greater Availability and Use through Policy and Regulatory Reforms -- Market challenges of internet connectivity: Affordability, use, and quality -- Affordability to increase use -- Availability to reduce digital divides -- Data infrastructure and regulation for affordability and willingness to use -- Looking ahead: Regional integration and climate transition -- Summary of key findings for more inclusive use -- Annex 4A Supplemental data -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 What are "good jobs"? -- Box 1.2 The World Bank's "economic transformation for jobs" framework -- Box 2.1 Rapid diffusion of website technology during COVID-19 -- Box 2.2 Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mobile app use in Africa.

Box 2.3 Public inputs to strengthen value chains in Senegal, Kenya, and Peru -- Box 2.4 A job creation program in Senegal: Effective design for technological transformation -- Box 3.1 E-commerce for economic inclusion in China's Taobao Villages -- Box 3.2 Reliable electricity and the digital economy -- Box 3.3 Smart Villages in Niger for inclusive availability and productive use -- Box 4.1 Regressive broadband pricing constrains use by the poor -- Box 4.2 High broadband prices and limited offerings constrain data use by SMEs -- Box 4.3 Creating digital institutions in situations of fragility, conflict, and violence: Transforming the sector in Somalia -- Box 4.4 Senegal's digital acceleration journey: The role of infrastructure regulatory reforms -- Box 4.5 The evolving taxation of digital services -- Box 4.6 Alternative technologies for covering rural and remote areas -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Conceptual framework for policy analysis of DTs' impacts on job and income growth -- Figure O.2 Effects of mobile internet availability on job creation and household welfare, Nigeria and Tanzania -- Figure O.3 Gap between mobile internet coverage and usage, Sub-Saharan Africa and other regions, 2010-21 -- Figure O.4 Association between firms' use of more sophisticated DTs and productivity and job growth, selected countries, 2019-21 -- Figure O.5 Association between microenterprises' use of technologies and higher productivity, sales, and jobs, 2017-18 -- Figure O.6 Smartphone and computer use, by firm size, selected countries, 2019-21 -- Figure O.7 Correlates of smartphone and computer adoption by African firms, 2017-21 -- Figure O.8 Policy routes for increasing households' inclusive uptake and productive use of DTs -- Figure O.9 Extent of competitive constraints in market structures across the digital value chain in Africa, 2021.

Figure 1.1 Projected share of the global workforce, by region, in 2025, 2050, and 2100 -- Figure 1.2 Use of selected agricultural technologies, by region, 2015 -- Figure 1.3 Conceptual framework for policy analysis of DTs' impacts on job and income growth -- Figure 1.4 Expanded conceptual framework for policy analysis of DTs' job and income impacts through the lens of digital divides -- Figure 1.5 Impacts of mobile internet availability on job creation and household welfare, Nigeria and Tanzania -- Figure 1.6  Impact of decision support tool on Nigerian rice farmers' yields and profits -- Figure 1.7 Availability of internet-enabled (3G and 4G) networks, by region, 2010-21 -- Figure 1.8 Unique 3G+ mobile internet usage, by region, 2010-21 -- Figure 1.9 Gap between mobile internet coverage and usage, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2010-21 -- Figure 1.10 Internet usage and gaps, by region -- Figure 1.11 Average mobile internet availability and usage, by technology type, Sub-Saharan Africa versus other regions, 2010 and 2021 -- Figure 1.12 Mobile internet uptake gaps, by country, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2021 -- Figure 2.1 Association of higher technological sophistication with higher enterprise productivity, selected African countries, 2019-21 -- Figure 2.2 Association between firms' use of sophisticated technologies and growth of productivity and jobs, selected African and comparator countries, 2019-21 -- Figure 2.3 Unconditional performance improvements among microenterprises using DTs relative to nonusers, selected African countries, 2017-18 -- Figure 2.4 Association between microenterprises' use of technologies and higher productivity, sales, and jobs, selected African countries, 2017-18 -- Figure 2.5 Technological sophistication of enterprises, by broad sector, selected African and comparator countries, 2019-21.

Figure 2.6 Technological sophistication of enterprises, by firm size, selected African and comparator countries, 2019-21 -- Figure 2.7 Use of DTs by enterprises, by firm size and general business function, selected African and comparator countries, 2019-21 -- Figure 2.8 Use of smartphones and computers by enterprises, by firm size, selected African and comparator countries, 2019-21 -- Figure 2.9 Use of more sophisticated DTs by enterprises, selected African and comparator countries, 2019-21 -- Figure 2.10 Average microenterprise uptake and use of DTs, by owner age and gender subgroup, selected African countries, 2017-18 -- Figure 2.11 Top Sub-Saharan African countries in digital-solution business density and total investment, 2020 -- Figure 2.12 Local and regional shares, and top regional subsectors, of digital-solution providers, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2020 -- Figure 2.13 Major hubs of regional digital-solution businesses, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2020 -- Figure B2.1.1 Growth of e-payment use in websites, Sub-Saharan African countries versus other regions, 2019-20 -- Figure 2.14 Increases in enterprise uptake, use, and investment in digital solutions after COVID-19 outbreak, by firm size, Sub-Saharan African versus comparator countries, 2020-21 -- Figure 2.15 Increases in enterprise use of and investment in DTs after COVID-19 outbreak, by firm size, selected African countries, 2020-21 -- Figure B2.2.1 Change in number of monthly average users of digital apps, selected African and comparator countries, April 2020 to March 2021 -- Figure 2.16 Effects of higher pre-COVID-19 technological readiness on enterprises' post-COVID-19 sales, by technology sophistication quintile, 2021 -- Figure 2.17 Reported barriers to enterprise use of technology, by firm size, selected African countries, 2019-21.

Figure 2.18 Correlates of smartphone and computer adoption by African firms, 2017-21 -- Figure 2.19 African enterprises' perceptions of own technology use relative to other firms within country, 2019-21 -- Figure 2.20 Correlation of worker and manager skills with use of better technologies, selected African countries, 2019-21 -- Figure 2.21 Correlation of better management capabilities and organizational practices with enterprise use of better technologies, selected African countries, 2019-21 -- Figure 2.22 Instruments to support generation and adoption of DTs for GBFs and SBFs -- Figure B2.4.1 Coordination of complementary support mechanisms tailored to specific value chains -- Figure 3.1 Internet usage, by subregion, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-20 -- Figure 3.2 Wireless broadband and internet coverage, usage gaps, and coverage gaps, by subregion, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2020 -- Figure 3.3 Internet usage in 10 Sub-Saharan African countries, 2008, 2012, and 2018 -- Figure 3.4 Correlation of household income with uptake of mobile services and mobile broadband internet, by income decile, selected Sub-Saharan African countries, 2017-18 -- Figure 3.5 Gender gap in mobile internet usage, by region, all low- and middle-income countries, 2017-20 -- Figure 3.6 Mobile data consumption per capita, by region, 2018 -- Figure 3.7 Correlation between internet usage and GNI per capita, Sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the world, 2019 -- Figure 3.8 Probability of employment adjustments during COVID-19 pandemic by firms, by income group, Sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the world, 2020/21 -- Figure 3.9 Changes in household expenditures during or after the COVID-19 outbreak, Kenya and Sierra Leone -- Figure 3.10 Association of factors with internet use, selected West African countries, 2018/19.

Figure 3.11 Correlates of internet adoption across nine Sub-Saharan African countries, 2017-18.

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