Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Main Messages -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction: Global Natural Resource Subsidies -- Overview -- What are subsidies and why do they matter? -- The magnitude of subsidies in natural resource sectors -- The remainder of this report -- Notes -- References -- Part I Air -- Chapter 2 Toxic Air: Overview -- Introduction -- Poverty and exposure to air pollution -- Fossil fuels and air pollution -- Underpricing of polluting activities -- A case for action -- References -- Chapter 3 Subsidizing Toxic Air: The Vast Underpricing of Fossil Fuels and Their Use -- Introduction -- Fossil fuels and air pollution -- Explicit fossil fuel subsidies -- The societal costs of air pollution -- Fossil fuel subsidies: Best intentions but detrimental outcomes -- Polluting fossil fuels and the role of price signals -- Air pollution and price signals -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Virtually Inescapable: The Scale and Distribution of Toxic Air Pollution -- Introduction -- The global burden of air pollution -- An unequal burden: New evidence on air pollution from the world's coal-fired power plants -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Pro-Poor and Pro-Health: The Benefits of Reforming Subsidies -- The distributional implications of fossil fuel subsidy reform -- Fossil fuel subsidy reforms save lives -- References -- Part II Land -- Chapter 6 Size, Scope, and Composition of Agricultural Subsidies -- Introduction -- What is an agricultural subsidy? -- Policy objectives of agricultural support -- What is the magnitude of subsidies in the agriculture sector? -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 7 Inefficient, Unequal, and Unwise: The Economic and Distributional Impacts of Agricultural -- Introduction -- Agricultural subsidies and productivity.

Agricultural subsidies and distributional goals -- The way forward -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 8 Reap What You Sow: The Water Footprint of Agricultural Subsidies -- Introduction -- Nitrogen legacies and the role of subsidies -- The law of unintended consequences -- The way forward -- Cultivating solutions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 9 The Effects of Agricultural Subsidies on Forests and Their Spillovers -- Introduction -- Global deforestation is sensitive to changes in commodity prices -- Assessing the effect of agricultural subsidies on deforestation -- Agricultural subsidies and the emergence of infectious diseases: A focus on malaria -- Notes -- References -- Part III Oceans -- Chapter 10 The Economic, Social, and Environmental Effects of Harmful Fishery Subsidies -- The state of the world's oceans -- The dual challenges of open access and direct subsidies -- The impact of subsidies in three critical fisheries -- Implications and caveats -- Notes -- References -- Part IV From evidence to action -- Chapter 11 Reforming Harmful Subsidies in a Complex Political Economy -- Introduction -- Establishing the case for reform -- Anticipating the political challenges to reform -- Navigating political complexity: Six principles for effective reforms -- Subsidy reforms for sustainable development -- Note -- References -- Chapter 12 Bringing Together the Piece -- Conclusions -- Note -- Reference -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 Formal definitions of implicit and explicit subsidies -- Box 2.1 Air pollution: A toxic medley of many different pollutants from many different sources -- Box 2.2 The unequal burden of air pollution on women, children, and ethnic minorities -- Box 2.3 Indoor air pollution and the risks to human health -- Box 2.4 Subsidy reforms and the need for complementary policies to tackle pollution.

Box 3.1 Pollution sources other than fossil fuels that receive public support and subsidies -- Box 3.2 Subsidies: Intended for the poor, but benefiting the rich -- Box 3.3 Technical spotlight: A meta-analysis of price elasticities in low- and middle-income countries -- Box 3.4 Technical spotlight: A global empirical analysis of the relationship between energy prices and air pollution -- Box 4.1 Technical spotlight: New evidence on global air pollution exposure and poverty -- Box 4.2 Nuances matter: Air pollution and poverty in Vietnam -- Box 4.3 Technical spotlight: New evidence on air pollution from the world's coal-fired power plants -- Box 4.4 Historic evidence of socioeconomic sorting in Britain and beyond -- Box 5.1 Technical spotlight: Assessing the distributional and health benefits of fossil fuel subsidy reform for 35 countries using the World Bank's Carbon Pricing Assessment Tool -- Box 5.2 No two subsidy schemes are the same: Subsidies in Algeria, China, Indonesia, and the Islamic Republic of Iran -- Box 5.3 Fossil fuel subsidy reform contributes to reducing greenhouse gases -- Box 5.4 Health benefits of climate change mitigation policies -- Box 6.1 Landscape restoration projects in Ethiopia -- Box 6.2 A simple profit-maximization model to illustrate the policy impacts of support mechanisms -- Box 6.3 Domestic support in agriculture: The WTO "boxes" -- Box 6.4 The nominal rate of protection and producer support estimate -- Box 7.1 Agricultural subsidies and technology adoption -- Box 7.2 Technical spotlight: Estimating the impact of agricultural subsidies on total factor productivity at the country level -- Box 7.3 Technical spotlight: Meta-analysis of the effects of agricultural input subsidies on agricultural production and farmers' incomes -- Box 7.4 Technical spotlight: Farm input subsidy reforms in Malawi and Nigeria.

Box 7.5 Technical spotlight: The Mi Riego highland irrigation program in Peru -- Box 7.6 Technical spotlight: Estimating the distributional impact of output subsidies -- Box 7.7 Technical spotlight: Estimating the distributional impact of input subsidies -- Box 7.8 The varying effectiveness of inorganic fertilizer application on smallholder-managed fields -- Box 7.9 Lessons from e-voucher programs in Guinea, Mali, and Niger -- Box 8.1 A divided world: Fertilizer feast and famine -- Box 8.2 NPK application: Skewed and distorted -- Box 8.3 The nitrogen cascade beyond water -- Box 8.4 Technical spotlight: Diminishing returns to fertilizer use -- Box 8.5 Technical spotlight: Regional effects of fertilizer use -- Box 8.6 Technical spotlight: Nitrogen fertilizer use and water pollution -- Box 8.7 Technical spotlight: Drawing down the ocean underground -- Box 8.8 The fallout of war -- Box 9.1 Technical spotlight: The effects of agricultural commodity prices and producer supports on gloabl deforrestation -- Box 9.2 Technical spotlight: Two country case studies on the impact of subsidies on deforestation, 2000-10 -- Box 9.3 Technical spotlight: Estimating the impact of deforestation on malaria transmission -- Box 10.1 Managing the many stressors facing global fisheries -- Box 10.2 The economics of fisheries -- Box 10.3 Ecosystems of the Mauritanian EEZ, the East China Sea, and the northern South China Sea -- Box 10.4 Technical spotlight: The Ecopath with Ecosim model -- Box 10.5 Technical spotlight: Impact of subsidies and management regimes on biomass -- Box 10.6 The importance of fishery ecology in determining the impact of harmful subsidies -- Box 10.7 Technical spotlight: Subsidy removal and the recovery of fisheries under job optimization and ecological optimization -- Box 11.1 The World Bank's Energy Subsidy Reform Facility.

Box 11.2 When compensation paves the way for reform: Murray-Darling Basin, Australia -- Box 11.3 When winners feel like losers: Public perceptions can drive opposition to subsidy reform -- Box 11.4 Lessons from India: The complexities of reforming agricultural subsidies and protectionism -- Box 11.5 Credible compensation before subsidies are removed -- Box 11.6 Lessons from Nigeria: National averages hide vulnerable population groups -- Box 11.7 A fuel subsidy reform clears the air: Experience from Cairo, the Arab Republic of Egypt -- Box 11.8 Fossil fuel subsidy reform in Mexico -- Figures -- Figure ES.1 Change in global agricultural productivity due to the use of nitrogen fertilizer, by quantile of use and region -- Figure B2.3.1 The Energy Ladder: The dominant energy sources for cooking and heating, by level of income -- Figure B2.4.1 Entry points for antipollution policies -- Figure 3.1 Global energy sector subsidies, 2017 -- Figure 3.2 Global explicit fossil fuel subsidies, 2015-25 (projected) -- Figure 3.3 Top 20 explicit fossil fuel subsidy programs, 2020 -- Figure 3.4 Global sources of implicit fossil fuel subsidies and share of GDP, 2015-25 (projected) -- Figure 3.5 Top 20 providers of implicit fossil fuel subsidies, 2020 -- Figure 3.6 Global implicit fossil fuel subsidies, by type of fuel, 2015-25 (projected) -- Figure 3.7 Best intentions and detrimental effects of fossil fuel subsidies -- Figure 3.8 Fossil fuel subsidies and health expenditures as a share of GDP in select countries, 2019 -- Figure 3.9 Fossil fuel subsidies and education expenditures as a share of GDP in select countries, 2019 -- Figure B3.3.1 Price elasticities of gasoline demand -- Figure 3.10 Average price elasticities of energy demand -- Figure 4.1 Global population exposed to different levels of air pollution risk.

Figure 4.2 Population exposed to air pollution, by region and as a share of total regional population.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.