Radio Propagation in the Urban Scenario -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Historical Notes -- 1.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum -- 1.3 Radio, Television, Mobile Telephony, and Wireless Networks -- 1.4 Challenges in the (Electromagnetic) Design of Modern Wireless Networks -- References -- 2 Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Propagation and Radiation -- 2.1 Maxwell's Equations -- 2.1.1 Maxwell's Equations in the Frequency Domain -- 2.1.2 Sinusoidal Vector Fields, Phasor Vectors, and Polarization -- 2.2 Electromagnetic Properties of Materials -- 2.2.1 Power Losses in Materials, Power Flux, and Energy Conservation -- 2.2.2 Dielectric Materials -- 2.2.3 Conductors -- 2.2.4 Perfect Electric Conductors (PECs) -- 2.2.5 Plasma -- 2.2.6 Boundary Between Two Media and Boundary Condition on PEC's Surface -- 2.3 Plane-Wave Propagation, Reflection, and Transmission -- 2.3.1 Homogeneous Plane Waves -- 2.3.2 Nonhomogeneous Plane Waves -- 2.3.3 Plane Waves for Arbitrarily Time-Varying Fields -- 2.3.4 Narrowband Signals and Group Velocity -- 2.3.5 Plane Wave Reflection and Transmission at a Plane Boundary -- 2.3.6 Plane Wave Propagation in Layered Media -- 2.3.7 Plane Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media -- 2.4 Radiation -- 2.4.1 Elementary Source -- 2.4.2 Radiation from an Arbitrary Current Distribution -- 2.4.3 Far Field -- 2.4.4 Equivalent Problems and Magnetic Sources -- 2.5 Transmitting and Receiving Antennas -- 2.5.1 Parameters of a Transmitting Antenna -- 2.5.2 Parameters of a Receiving Antenna -- 2.5.3 Some Commonly Used Antennas -- 2.5.4 Arrays of Antennas, Phased Arrays, and Beamforming -- 2.6 Friis Formula for Free-Space Radio Links -- 2.6.1 Antenna Noise Temperature and Receiver Noise Figure -- 2.6.2 Example: Downlink in a Satellite Communication System -- References -- 3 Asymptotic Techniques -- 3.1 Geometrical Optics.

3.1.1 Fermat's Principle -- 3.1.2 GO in Homogeneous Media -- 3.1.3 Interface Between Homogeneous Media: Reflected and Transmitted Ray Congruences -- 3.1.4 Example of Inhomogeneous Media: Stratified Medium -- 3.2 Fresnel Ellipsoids -- 3.3 Stationary Phase Method -- 3.3.1 Finite Integration Interval -- 3.3.2 Transition Function -- 3.4 Diffraction -- 3.4.1 Stationary Phase Point Contribution: The GO Field -- 3.4.2 End-Point Contribution: The Edge Diffracted Field -- 3.5 Geometrical Theory of Diffraction and Its Uniform Extension -- 3.5.1 Diffraction from a Perfectly Conducting Wedge: GTD and UTD Solutions -- 3.5.2 Lossy Dielectric Wedge -- 3.6 Rough-Surface Scattering -- 3.6.1 Mean Value of the Scattered Field -- 3.6.2 Variance of the Scattered Field -- References -- 4 Propagation Over a Flat or Spherical Earth -- 4.1 Ground-Wave Propagation and Two-Ray Model -- 4.1.1 Example: Link Between Two Walkie-Talkies -- 4.1.2 Effect of Surface Roughness -- 4.2 Effect of the Earth's Curvature -- 4.3 Atmospheric Effect: Ray Curvature and Effective Earth Radius -- 4.3.1 Example: Link Between Two Walkie-Talkies, Effects of Earth Curvature, and Atmospheric Refraction -- 4.3.2 Atmospheric Ducting and Tropospheric Scattering -- 4.4 Atmospheric Attenuation: Clear Air, Fog, Rain -- 4.4.1 Attenuation by Rain, Fog, and Snow -- 4.5 Ionosphere -- 4.5.1 Ionospheric Reflection and Sky Wave -- 4.5.2 Effect of the Earth's Magnetic Field on Ionospheric Propagation -- 4.5.3 Ionosphere and Electromagnetic Wave Propagation: Summary -- References -- 5 Propagation in Complex Environments -- 5.1 LOS and Non-LOS (NLOS) Propagation -- 5.1.1 Reflection on and Transmission Through a Homogeneous Wall -- 5.2 Multipath -- 5.2.1 Narrowband Characterization of the Multipath Channel -- 5.2.2 Wideband Characterization of the Multipath Channel -- 5.3 Fading -- 5.3.1 NLOS: Rayleigh Fading.

5.3.2 LOS: Rician Fading -- 5.3.3 Slow Fading: Lognormal Distribution -- 5.3.4 Example: Outage Probability in Rayleigh Fading -- 5.4 Delay Spread -- 5.4.1 Example: Delay Spread in Urban Areas and Mobile Telephone Systems -- References -- 6 Propagation in Urban Areas -- 6.1 Urban Area Propagation Scenarios: Outdoor and Indoor -- 6.2 Empirical Propagation Models -- 6.2.1 Outdoor -- 6.2.2 Indoor -- 6.2.3 Example: Downlink in a 4G LTE Mobile Phone System -- 6.2.4 Coverage Area and Location Probability -- 6.3 Urban Canyon as a "Roofless Waveguide" -- 6.4 Ray-Tracing Methods -- References -- 7 Ray-Tracing Tool Example -- 7.1 Vertical-Plane Launching Implementation -- 7.1.1 Ray Definition -- 7.1.2 Space scanning -- 7.1.3 Electromagnetic Modeling -- 7.1.4 Coherent Versus Incoherent Summation -- 7.2 Input, Output, and Processing Time -- 7.2.1 Input -- 7.2.2 Output -- 7.2.3 Processing Time -- 7.2.4 Advantages and Limits -- 7.3 Measurement Issues -- 7.4 Comparison of Solver Predictions and Measured Data -- References -- 8 New Propagation Scenarios in 5G Telecommunication Systems -- 8.1 Description of 5G Networks and Expected Performance -- 8.2 Millimeter-Wave Propagation -- 8.2.1 Empirical Channel Models -- 8.2.2 Ray Tracing -- 8.2.3 Example: Downlink in a High-Band 5G Wireless System -- 8.3 Beamforming -- References -- 9 Regulations on the Exposure of General Public to Electromagnetic Fields -- 9.1 ICNIRP Guidelines -- 9.1.1 Basic Restrictions -- 9.1.2 Reference Levels -- 9.2 IEEE Standard -- 9.2.1 DRLs -- 9.2.2 ERLs -- 9.3 Exposure Limits in Countries Across the World -- 9.3.1 Exposure Limits in Italy -- 9.3.2 Exposure Limits in the United States -- References -- 10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Appendix A: Vector Analysis -- A.1 Vector Multiplications -- A.2 Differential Relationships -- A.3 Integral Relationships.

A.4 Cartesian Coordinates -- A.5 Cylindrical Coordinates -- A.6 Spherical Coordinates -- A.7 Matrices -- Appendix B: Dirac Pulse -- Appendix C: Useful Integrals -- Appendix D: Derivation of the Transition Function for the Uniform Geometrical Theory of Diffraction -- About the Authors -- Index.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.