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Aviation Weather Handbook (2024) : Faa-H-8083-28.

Material type: materialTypeLabelBookPublisher: Newcastle, Washington : Aviation Supplies & Academics, Incorporated, 2023Copyright date: �2023Edition: 1st ed.Description: 1 online resource (552 pages).Content type: text Media type: computer Carrier type: online resourceISBN: 9781644252970.Genre/Form: Electronic books.Online resources: Click to View
Contents:
Cover -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Notice -- Table of Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Aviation Weather Service Program -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) -- 2.2.1 National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) -- 2.2.1.1 Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB) -- 2.2.2 National Weather Service (NWS) -- 2.2.2.1 National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) -- 2.2.2.1.1 NCEP Central Operations (NCO) -- 2.2.2.1.2 Aviation Weather Center (AWC) -- 2.2.2.1.3 Weather Prediction Center (WPC) -- 2.2.2.1.4 Storm Prediction Center (SPC) -- 2.2.2.1.5 National Hurricane Center (NHC) -- 2.2.2.1.6 Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) -- 2.2.2.1.7 Alaska Aviation Weather Unit (AAWU) -- 2.2.2.1.8 Center Weather Service Unit (CWSU) -- 2.2.2.1.9 Weather Forecast Office (WFO) -- 2.3 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) -- 2.3.1 Air Traffic Control Systems Command Center (ATCSCC) -- 2.3.2 Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) -- 2.3.3 Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) and Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) -- 2.3.4 Flight Service -- 2.3.4.1 FAA Weather Camera Program -- 2.4 Department of Defense (DOD) -- 2.5 Commercial Weather Information Providers -- 3 Overview of Aviation Weather Information -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Use of Aviation Weather Information -- 3.2.1 Product Latency -- 3.2.2 Additional Use Information -- 3.3 Obtaining Weather Information -- 3.3.1 Weather Briefings -- 3.3.1.1 Standard Briefing -- 3.3.1.2 Abbreviated Briefing -- 3.3.1.3 Outlook Briefing -- 3.3.2 Telephone -- 3.3.2.1 Flight Service 1-800-WX-BRIEF -- 3.3.2.2 Airport Weather -- 3.3.3 Self-Briefing -- 3.3.3.1 Flight Service 1800wxbrief.com -- 3.3.3.2 Aviation Weather Cameras -- 3.3.3.3 AviationWeather.gov -- 3.3.3.3.1 Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA) Tool.
3.3.3.4 Flight Information Service-Broadcast (FIS-B) -- 3.3.3.5 Commercial Services -- 3.3.3.6 Weather Applications (Apps) -- 3.3.4 In-Flight Updates -- 3.3.4.1 Flight Information Service-Broadcast (FIS-B) -- 3.3.4.2 Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) and Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) -- 3.3.4.3 Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) -- 3.3.4.4 Flight Service -- 3.3.4.5 Automatic Flight Information Service (AFIS) - Alaska Only -- 3.4 Overview of Aviation Weather Products -- 3.4.1 Weather Products versus Weather Elements and Phenomena -- 3.4.2 Summaries of Specific Weather Information Contained in Various Weather Products -- 3.4.2.1 Products with Thunderstorm Information -- 3.4.2.2 Products with Wind Information -- 3.4.2.3 Products with Wind Shear Information -- 3.4.2.4 Products with Visibility Information -- 3.4.2.5 Products with Precipitation Information -- 3.4.2.6 Products with Fog Information -- 3.4.2.7 Products with In-Flight Icing Information -- 3.4.2.8 Products with Freezing Level Information -- 3.4.2.9 Products with Turbulence Information -- 3.4.2.10 Products with Volcanic Ash Information -- 3.4.2.11 Products with Tropical Cyclone Information -- 3.4.2.12 Products with Sandstorm/Dust Storm Information -- 3.4.2.13 Products with Mountain Obscuration Information -- 3.4.2.14 Products with Surface-Based IFR Information -- 3.4.2.15 Products with Surface-Based MVFR Information -- 3.4.2.16 Products with Cloud Coverage Information -- 3.4.2.17 Products with Cloud Base Information -- 3.4.2.18 Products with Cloud Tops Information -- 3.4.2.19 Products with Cloud Layers Information -- 3.4.2.20 Products with Pressure Information -- 3.4.2.21 Products with Fronts Information -- 3.4.2.22 Products with Temperature Information -- 3.4.2.23 Products with Space Weather Information -- 3.4.2.24 Products with Density Altitude Information.
4 The Earth's Atmosphere -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Composition -- 4.2.1 Air Parcel -- 4.3 Vertical Structure -- 4.3.1 Troposphere -- 4.3.2 Stratosphere -- 4.3.3 Mesosphere -- 4.3.4 Thermosphere -- 4.3.5 Exosphere -- 4.4 The Standard Atmosphere -- 5 Heat and Temperature -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Matter -- 5.3 Energy -- 5.4 Heat -- 5.5 Temperature -- 5.5.1 Temperature Measurement -- 5.5.2 Temperature Scales -- 5.6 Heat Transfer -- 5.6.1 Radiation -- 5.6.1.1 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation -- 5.6.1.2 Solar Zenith Angle -- 5.6.2 Conduction -- 5.6.3 Convection -- 5.7 Thermal Response -- 5.8 Temperature Variations with Altitude -- 5.8.1 Atmospheric Sounding -- 5.8.2 Isothermal Layer -- 5.8.3 Temperature Inversion -- 6 Water Vapor -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Hydrologic Cycle -- 6.2.1 Evaporation -- 6.2.2 Transpiration -- 6.2.3 Sublimation -- 6.2.4 Deposition -- 6.2.5 Condensation -- 6.2.6 Transportation -- 6.2.7 Precipitation -- 6.2.8 Runoff -- 6.2.9 Infiltration -- 6.2.10 Groundwater Flow -- 6.2.11 Plant Uptake -- 6.3 Saturation -- 6.4 Relative Humidity -- 6.5 Dewpoint -- 6.6 Temperature-Dewpoint Spread (Dewpoint Depression) -- 6.7 Change of Phase -- 6.7.1 Latent Heat -- 7 Earth-Atmosphere Heat Imbalances -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Earth-Atmosphere Energy Balance -- 7.3 Heat Imbalances Between Earth's Surface and the Atmosphere -- 7.3.1 Sensible Heating -- 7.3.2 Latent Heat -- 7.4 Heat Imbalance Variations with Latitude -- 7.5 Seasons -- 7.6 Diurnal Temperature Variation -- 8 Atmospheric Pressure and Altimetry -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Atmospheric Pressure -- 8.2.1 Barometer -- 8.2.2 Atmospheric Pressure Units -- 8.2.3 Station Pressure -- 8.2.4 Pressure Variation -- 8.2.4.1 Pressure Changes with Altitude -- 8.2.4.2 Temperature's Effects on Pressure -- 8.2.5 Sea Level Pressure -- 8.3 Density -- 8.3.1 Volume's Effects on Density.
8.3.2 Changes in Density -- 8.3.3 Density's Effects on Pressure -- 8.3.4 Temperature's Effects on Density -- 8.3.5 Water Vapor's Effects on Density -- 8.4 Altimetry -- 8.4.1 Altitude -- 8.4.1.1 True Altitude -- 8.4.1.2 Indicated Altitude -- 8.4.1.2.1 Altimeter Setting -- 8.4.1.3 Corrected (Approximately True) Altitude -- 8.4.1.4 Pressure Altitude -- 8.4.1.5 Density Altitude -- 9 Global Circulations and Jet Streams -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Non-Rotating Earth Circulation System -- 9.3 Rotating Earth Circulation System -- 9.4 Jet Streams -- 9.4.1 Direction of Wind Flow -- 9.4.2 Location -- 10 Wind -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Naming of the Wind -- 10.3 Forces That Affect the Wind -- 10.3.1 Pressure Gradient Force (PGF) -- 10.3.2 Coriolis Force -- 10.3.3 Friction Force -- 10.4 Upper Air Wind -- 10.5 Surface Wind -- 10.6 Local Winds -- 10.6.1 Sea Breeze -- 10.6.1.1 Sea Breeze Front -- 10.6.1.2 Effects of Coastline Shape -- 10.6.2 Land Breeze -- 10.6.3 Lake Breeze -- 10.6.4 Valley Breeze -- 10.6.5 Mountain-Plains Wind System -- 10.6.6 Mountain Breeze -- 10.7 Adverse Winds -- 10.7.1 Crosswind -- 10.7.2 Gust -- 10.7.3 Tailwind -- 10.7.4 Variable Wind/Sudden Wind Shift -- 10.7.5 Wind Shear -- 10.7.6 Adverse Mountain Winds -- 10.7.7 Atmospheric Disturbances in Mountainous Areas -- 11 Air Masses, Fronts, and the Wave Cyclone Model -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Air Masses -- 11.2.1 Air Mass Classification -- 11.2.1.1 Temperature Properties -- 11.2.1.2 Moisture Properties -- 11.2.1.3 Five Air Masses -- 11.2.2 Air Mass Modification -- 11.2.2.1 Lake Effect -- 11.3 Fronts -- 11.3.1 Warm Front -- 11.3.2 Cold Front -- 11.3.3 Stationary Front -- 11.3.4 Occluded Front -- 11.4 The Wave Cyclone Model -- 11.5 Dryline -- 12 Vertical Motion and Clouds -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Vertical Motion Effects on an Unsaturated Air Parcel.
12.3 Vertical Motion Effects on a Saturated Air Parcel -- 12.4 Common Sources of Vertical Motion -- 12.4.1 Orographic Effects -- 12.4.2 Frictional Effects -- 12.4.3 Frontal Lift -- 12.4.4 Buoyancy -- 12.5 Cloud Forms -- 12.6 Cloud Levels -- 13 Atmospheric Stability -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Using a Parcel as a Tool to Evaluate Stability -- 13.3 Stability Types -- 13.3.1 Absolute Stability -- 13.3.2 Neutral Stability -- 13.3.3 Absolute Instability -- 13.3.4 Conditional Instability -- 13.3.5 Summary of Stability Types -- 13.4 Processes That Change Atmospheric Stability -- 13.4.1 Wind Effects on Stability -- 13.4.2 Vertical Air Motion Effects on Stability -- 13.4.3 Diurnal Temperature Variation Effects on Stability -- 13.5 Measurements of Stability -- 13.5.1 Lifted Index (LI) -- 13.5.2 Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) -- 13.6 Summary -- 14 Precipitation -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Necessary Ingredients for Formation -- 14.3 Growth Process -- 14.4 Precipitation Types -- 14.4.1 Snow -- 14.4.2 Ice Pellets -- 14.4.3 Freezing Rain -- 14.4.4 Rain -- 14.4.5 Hail -- 15 Weather Radar -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Principles of Weather Radar -- 15.2.1 Antenna -- 15.2.2 Backscattered Energy -- 15.2.3 Power Output -- 15.2.4 Wavelengths -- 15.2.5 Attenuation -- 15.2.5.1 Precipitation Attenuation -- 15.2.5.2 Range Attenuation -- 15.2.6 Resolution -- 15.2.6.1 Beam Resolution -- 15.2.7 Wave Propagation -- 15.2.7.1 Normal (Standard) Refraction -- 15.2.7.2 Subrefraction -- 15.2.7.3 Superrefraction -- 15.2.7.4 Ducting -- 15.2.8 Radar Beam Overshooting and Undershooting -- 15.2.9 Beam Blockage -- 15.2.10 Ground Clutter -- 15.2.11 Ghost -- 15.2.12 Angels -- 15.2.13 Anomalous Propagation (AP) -- 15.2.14 Other Nonmeteorological Phenomena -- 15.2.14.1 Wind Farms -- 15.2.15 Precipitation -- 15.2.15.1 Intensity of Precipitation.
15.2.15.1.1 Intensity of Liquid Precipitation.
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Cover -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Notice -- Table of Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Aviation Weather Service Program -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) -- 2.2.1 National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) -- 2.2.1.1 Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB) -- 2.2.2 National Weather Service (NWS) -- 2.2.2.1 National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) -- 2.2.2.1.1 NCEP Central Operations (NCO) -- 2.2.2.1.2 Aviation Weather Center (AWC) -- 2.2.2.1.3 Weather Prediction Center (WPC) -- 2.2.2.1.4 Storm Prediction Center (SPC) -- 2.2.2.1.5 National Hurricane Center (NHC) -- 2.2.2.1.6 Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) -- 2.2.2.1.7 Alaska Aviation Weather Unit (AAWU) -- 2.2.2.1.8 Center Weather Service Unit (CWSU) -- 2.2.2.1.9 Weather Forecast Office (WFO) -- 2.3 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) -- 2.3.1 Air Traffic Control Systems Command Center (ATCSCC) -- 2.3.2 Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) -- 2.3.3 Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) and Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) -- 2.3.4 Flight Service -- 2.3.4.1 FAA Weather Camera Program -- 2.4 Department of Defense (DOD) -- 2.5 Commercial Weather Information Providers -- 3 Overview of Aviation Weather Information -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Use of Aviation Weather Information -- 3.2.1 Product Latency -- 3.2.2 Additional Use Information -- 3.3 Obtaining Weather Information -- 3.3.1 Weather Briefings -- 3.3.1.1 Standard Briefing -- 3.3.1.2 Abbreviated Briefing -- 3.3.1.3 Outlook Briefing -- 3.3.2 Telephone -- 3.3.2.1 Flight Service 1-800-WX-BRIEF -- 3.3.2.2 Airport Weather -- 3.3.3 Self-Briefing -- 3.3.3.1 Flight Service 1800wxbrief.com -- 3.3.3.2 Aviation Weather Cameras -- 3.3.3.3 AviationWeather.gov -- 3.3.3.3.1 Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA) Tool.

3.3.3.4 Flight Information Service-Broadcast (FIS-B) -- 3.3.3.5 Commercial Services -- 3.3.3.6 Weather Applications (Apps) -- 3.3.4 In-Flight Updates -- 3.3.4.1 Flight Information Service-Broadcast (FIS-B) -- 3.3.4.2 Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) and Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) -- 3.3.4.3 Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) -- 3.3.4.4 Flight Service -- 3.3.4.5 Automatic Flight Information Service (AFIS) - Alaska Only -- 3.4 Overview of Aviation Weather Products -- 3.4.1 Weather Products versus Weather Elements and Phenomena -- 3.4.2 Summaries of Specific Weather Information Contained in Various Weather Products -- 3.4.2.1 Products with Thunderstorm Information -- 3.4.2.2 Products with Wind Information -- 3.4.2.3 Products with Wind Shear Information -- 3.4.2.4 Products with Visibility Information -- 3.4.2.5 Products with Precipitation Information -- 3.4.2.6 Products with Fog Information -- 3.4.2.7 Products with In-Flight Icing Information -- 3.4.2.8 Products with Freezing Level Information -- 3.4.2.9 Products with Turbulence Information -- 3.4.2.10 Products with Volcanic Ash Information -- 3.4.2.11 Products with Tropical Cyclone Information -- 3.4.2.12 Products with Sandstorm/Dust Storm Information -- 3.4.2.13 Products with Mountain Obscuration Information -- 3.4.2.14 Products with Surface-Based IFR Information -- 3.4.2.15 Products with Surface-Based MVFR Information -- 3.4.2.16 Products with Cloud Coverage Information -- 3.4.2.17 Products with Cloud Base Information -- 3.4.2.18 Products with Cloud Tops Information -- 3.4.2.19 Products with Cloud Layers Information -- 3.4.2.20 Products with Pressure Information -- 3.4.2.21 Products with Fronts Information -- 3.4.2.22 Products with Temperature Information -- 3.4.2.23 Products with Space Weather Information -- 3.4.2.24 Products with Density Altitude Information.

4 The Earth's Atmosphere -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Composition -- 4.2.1 Air Parcel -- 4.3 Vertical Structure -- 4.3.1 Troposphere -- 4.3.2 Stratosphere -- 4.3.3 Mesosphere -- 4.3.4 Thermosphere -- 4.3.5 Exosphere -- 4.4 The Standard Atmosphere -- 5 Heat and Temperature -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Matter -- 5.3 Energy -- 5.4 Heat -- 5.5 Temperature -- 5.5.1 Temperature Measurement -- 5.5.2 Temperature Scales -- 5.6 Heat Transfer -- 5.6.1 Radiation -- 5.6.1.1 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation -- 5.6.1.2 Solar Zenith Angle -- 5.6.2 Conduction -- 5.6.3 Convection -- 5.7 Thermal Response -- 5.8 Temperature Variations with Altitude -- 5.8.1 Atmospheric Sounding -- 5.8.2 Isothermal Layer -- 5.8.3 Temperature Inversion -- 6 Water Vapor -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Hydrologic Cycle -- 6.2.1 Evaporation -- 6.2.2 Transpiration -- 6.2.3 Sublimation -- 6.2.4 Deposition -- 6.2.5 Condensation -- 6.2.6 Transportation -- 6.2.7 Precipitation -- 6.2.8 Runoff -- 6.2.9 Infiltration -- 6.2.10 Groundwater Flow -- 6.2.11 Plant Uptake -- 6.3 Saturation -- 6.4 Relative Humidity -- 6.5 Dewpoint -- 6.6 Temperature-Dewpoint Spread (Dewpoint Depression) -- 6.7 Change of Phase -- 6.7.1 Latent Heat -- 7 Earth-Atmosphere Heat Imbalances -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Earth-Atmosphere Energy Balance -- 7.3 Heat Imbalances Between Earth's Surface and the Atmosphere -- 7.3.1 Sensible Heating -- 7.3.2 Latent Heat -- 7.4 Heat Imbalance Variations with Latitude -- 7.5 Seasons -- 7.6 Diurnal Temperature Variation -- 8 Atmospheric Pressure and Altimetry -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Atmospheric Pressure -- 8.2.1 Barometer -- 8.2.2 Atmospheric Pressure Units -- 8.2.3 Station Pressure -- 8.2.4 Pressure Variation -- 8.2.4.1 Pressure Changes with Altitude -- 8.2.4.2 Temperature's Effects on Pressure -- 8.2.5 Sea Level Pressure -- 8.3 Density -- 8.3.1 Volume's Effects on Density.

8.3.2 Changes in Density -- 8.3.3 Density's Effects on Pressure -- 8.3.4 Temperature's Effects on Density -- 8.3.5 Water Vapor's Effects on Density -- 8.4 Altimetry -- 8.4.1 Altitude -- 8.4.1.1 True Altitude -- 8.4.1.2 Indicated Altitude -- 8.4.1.2.1 Altimeter Setting -- 8.4.1.3 Corrected (Approximately True) Altitude -- 8.4.1.4 Pressure Altitude -- 8.4.1.5 Density Altitude -- 9 Global Circulations and Jet Streams -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Non-Rotating Earth Circulation System -- 9.3 Rotating Earth Circulation System -- 9.4 Jet Streams -- 9.4.1 Direction of Wind Flow -- 9.4.2 Location -- 10 Wind -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Naming of the Wind -- 10.3 Forces That Affect the Wind -- 10.3.1 Pressure Gradient Force (PGF) -- 10.3.2 Coriolis Force -- 10.3.3 Friction Force -- 10.4 Upper Air Wind -- 10.5 Surface Wind -- 10.6 Local Winds -- 10.6.1 Sea Breeze -- 10.6.1.1 Sea Breeze Front -- 10.6.1.2 Effects of Coastline Shape -- 10.6.2 Land Breeze -- 10.6.3 Lake Breeze -- 10.6.4 Valley Breeze -- 10.6.5 Mountain-Plains Wind System -- 10.6.6 Mountain Breeze -- 10.7 Adverse Winds -- 10.7.1 Crosswind -- 10.7.2 Gust -- 10.7.3 Tailwind -- 10.7.4 Variable Wind/Sudden Wind Shift -- 10.7.5 Wind Shear -- 10.7.6 Adverse Mountain Winds -- 10.7.7 Atmospheric Disturbances in Mountainous Areas -- 11 Air Masses, Fronts, and the Wave Cyclone Model -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Air Masses -- 11.2.1 Air Mass Classification -- 11.2.1.1 Temperature Properties -- 11.2.1.2 Moisture Properties -- 11.2.1.3 Five Air Masses -- 11.2.2 Air Mass Modification -- 11.2.2.1 Lake Effect -- 11.3 Fronts -- 11.3.1 Warm Front -- 11.3.2 Cold Front -- 11.3.3 Stationary Front -- 11.3.4 Occluded Front -- 11.4 The Wave Cyclone Model -- 11.5 Dryline -- 12 Vertical Motion and Clouds -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Vertical Motion Effects on an Unsaturated Air Parcel.

12.3 Vertical Motion Effects on a Saturated Air Parcel -- 12.4 Common Sources of Vertical Motion -- 12.4.1 Orographic Effects -- 12.4.2 Frictional Effects -- 12.4.3 Frontal Lift -- 12.4.4 Buoyancy -- 12.5 Cloud Forms -- 12.6 Cloud Levels -- 13 Atmospheric Stability -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Using a Parcel as a Tool to Evaluate Stability -- 13.3 Stability Types -- 13.3.1 Absolute Stability -- 13.3.2 Neutral Stability -- 13.3.3 Absolute Instability -- 13.3.4 Conditional Instability -- 13.3.5 Summary of Stability Types -- 13.4 Processes That Change Atmospheric Stability -- 13.4.1 Wind Effects on Stability -- 13.4.2 Vertical Air Motion Effects on Stability -- 13.4.3 Diurnal Temperature Variation Effects on Stability -- 13.5 Measurements of Stability -- 13.5.1 Lifted Index (LI) -- 13.5.2 Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) -- 13.6 Summary -- 14 Precipitation -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Necessary Ingredients for Formation -- 14.3 Growth Process -- 14.4 Precipitation Types -- 14.4.1 Snow -- 14.4.2 Ice Pellets -- 14.4.3 Freezing Rain -- 14.4.4 Rain -- 14.4.5 Hail -- 15 Weather Radar -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Principles of Weather Radar -- 15.2.1 Antenna -- 15.2.2 Backscattered Energy -- 15.2.3 Power Output -- 15.2.4 Wavelengths -- 15.2.5 Attenuation -- 15.2.5.1 Precipitation Attenuation -- 15.2.5.2 Range Attenuation -- 15.2.6 Resolution -- 15.2.6.1 Beam Resolution -- 15.2.7 Wave Propagation -- 15.2.7.1 Normal (Standard) Refraction -- 15.2.7.2 Subrefraction -- 15.2.7.3 Superrefraction -- 15.2.7.4 Ducting -- 15.2.8 Radar Beam Overshooting and Undershooting -- 15.2.9 Beam Blockage -- 15.2.10 Ground Clutter -- 15.2.11 Ghost -- 15.2.12 Angels -- 15.2.13 Anomalous Propagation (AP) -- 15.2.14 Other Nonmeteorological Phenomena -- 15.2.14.1 Wind Farms -- 15.2.15 Precipitation -- 15.2.15.1 Intensity of Precipitation.

15.2.15.1.1 Intensity of Liquid Precipitation.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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