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Medicine Price Surveys, Analyses and Comparisons : Evidence and Methodology Guidance.

By: Vogler, Sabine.
Material type: materialTypeLabelBookPublisher: San Diego : Elsevier Science & Technology, 2018Copyright date: �2019Description: 1 online resource (490 pages).Content type: text Media type: computer Carrier type: online resourceISBN: 9780128132128.Subject(s): Drugs-Prices | Pharmaceutical industry-Economic aspects | Drugs-Economic aspectsGenre/Form: Electronic books.DDC classification: 338.476151 Online resources: Click to View
Contents:
Front Cover -- MEDICINE PRICE SURVEYS, ANALYSES, AND COMPARISONS -- MEDICINE PRICE SURVEYS, ANALYSES, AND COMPARISONS -- Copyright -- Dedication -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 1 - Introduction -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 1.1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE -- 1.2 AIM AND OUTLINE -- 1.3 METHODOLOGY -- 1.4 TARGET AUDIENCE -- REFERENCES -- 1 - Evidence - Findings of Medicine Price Studies -- 2 - International Comparison of Medicine Prices -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 2.1 - Medicine Prices in European Countries -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.1.2 HIGH-COST MEDICINES -- 2.1.2.1 Oncology -- 2.1.2.2 Hepatitis C -- 2.1.2.3 Rare Diseases -- 2.1.2.4 Concordance of Prices With Purchasing Power -- 2.1.3 GENERIC MEDICINES -- 2.1.4 IMPACT OF POLICY MEASURES -- 2.1.4.1 External Price Referencing -- 2.1.4.1.1 Challenges Related to External Reference Pricing -- 2.1.4.2 Convergence of Medicine Prices Over Time -- 2.1.5 ACTUAL PRICES -- 2.1.6 FINAL REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 2.2 - Medicine Prices in the United States and Canada -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 2.2.1 CANADA -- 2.2.1.1 Policies -- 2.2.1.1.1 Federal Patented Drug Price Regulation -- 2.2.1.1.2 Drug Plan Reimbursement of Brand Drugs -- 2.2.1.1.3 Drug Plan Reimbursement of Generic Drugs -- 2.2.1.1.4 Biosimilars -- 2.2.1.2 Canada Drug Price Studies -- 2.2.1.2.1 Brand Drugs -- 2.2.1.2.2 Biologics -- 2.2.1.2.3 Generics -- 2.2.1.2.4 All Prescribed Drugs -- 2.2.2 UNITED STATES -- 2.2.2.1 Policies -- 2.2.2.2 US Price Studies -- 2.2.2.2.1 Generics -- 2.2.3 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 2.3 - Medicine Prices in Asia-Pacific Countries -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 2.3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.3.2 PRICE STUDIES FOR SPECIFIC MEDICINES GROUPS -- 2.3.2.1 High-Cost Medicines -- 2.3.2.2 Medicines for Cancer -- 2.3.2.3 Medicines for Central Nervous System-Related Diseases.
2.3.2.4 Medicines for Hepatitis C -- 2.3.2.5 Antiretroviral Medicines -- 2.3.2.6 Generic Medicines -- 2.3.3 CONCORDANCE OF PRICES WITH AFFORDABILITY -- 2.3.3.1 China (Upper Middle-Income Country) -- 2.3.3.2 Sri Lanka (Lower Middle-Income Country) -- 2.3.3.3 Malaysia (Upper Middle-Income Country) -- 2.3.4 IMPACT OF POLICY MEASURES -- 2.3.5 FINAL REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 2.4 - Medicine Prices in Latin American Countries -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 2.4.1 THE PRICE OF MEDICINES IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES -- 2.4.1.1 Introduction -- 2.4.1.2 Examples of Price Regulation in the Latin America Region -- 2.4.1.2.1 Colombian Medicines Pricing Regulation -- 2.4.1.2.2 Brazilian Medicines Pricing Regulation -- 2.4.1.2.3 Price Regulation in Other Latin American Countries -- 2.4.2 ONLINE SOURCES OF MEDICINES PRICES IN LATIN AMERICA -- 2.4.3 MEDICINE PRICE STUDIES IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES -- 2.4.3.1 Introduction -- 2.4.3.2 Methodology -- 2.4.3.3 Results and Findings -- 2.4.4 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 2.5 - Medicine Prices in Africa -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 2.5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.5.2 BACKGROUND TO HEALTH AND HEALTH SYSTEMS IN AFRICA -- 2.5.2.1 Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 2.5.2.2 Health Care in Africa -- 2.5.2.3 Provision of Health Care in Africa -- 2.5.3 THE AFRICAN MEDICINES ENVIRONMENT -- 2.5.4 METHODS FOR SELECTING STUDIES ON PRICING AND AVAILABILITY -- 2.5.5 OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS -- 2.5.6 DISCUSSION ON MEDICINES AVAILABILITY AND PRICING IN AFRICA -- 2.5.6.1 Measurement of Availability of Medicines -- 2.5.6.2 Measurement of Availability and Price -- 2.5.6.3 Measurement of Pricing of Medicines -- 2.5.6.4 Multicountry Comparisons -- 2.5.7 CONCLUSIONS: SUMMARY AND WAY FORWARD -- 2.5.8 GAPS IN THE LITERATURE -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Price Studies for Specific Medicines -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 3.1 GENERIC AND BIOSIMILAR MEDICINES.
3.2 HIGH-PRICED MEDICINES, INCLUDING ORPHAN MEDICINAL PRODUCTS -- 3.3 MEDICINES FOR SPECIFIC INDICATIONS -- 3.3.1 HIV/AIDS Medicines -- 3.3.2 Cancer Medicines -- 3.3.3 Hepatitis C Medicines -- 3.3.4 Further Indications -- 3.4 HOSPITAL MEDICINES -- 3.5 NON-PRESCRIPTION MEDICINES -- 3.6 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Studies of Medicine Price Developments -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 4.1 IMPACT ASSESSMENT -- 4.2 NATIONAL STUDIES -- 4.3 CROSS-NATIONAL STUDIES -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Discussion and Summary -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Training - How to Conduct Medicine Price Surveys, Analyses and Comparisons? -- 6 - Review of Methodologies to Conduct Price Studies -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 6.1 - Overview of Existing Methodologies -- 6.2 - WHO/HAI Methodology for Measuring Medicine Prices, Availability and Affordability, and Price Components -- 6.2.1 BACKGROUND AND HISTORY -- 6.2.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION/HEALTH ACTION INTERNATIONAL METHODOLOGY -- 6.2.3 STEPS OF A SURVEY USING THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION/HEALTH ACTION INTERNATIONAL METHODOLOGY -- 6.2.3.1 Presurvey Planning -- 6.2.3.2 Preparation of the Survey -- 6.2.3.3 Training of Area Supervisors, Data Collectors, and Data Entry Personnel -- 6.2.3.4 Preparing for Data Collection -- 6.2.3.5 Data Collection in the Field -- 6.2.3.6 Data Entry -- 6.2.3.7 Data Analysis and Interpretation -- 6.2.3.7.1 Availability -- 6.2.3.7.2 Prices -- 6.2.3.7.3 Affordability -- 6.2.3.8 Measuring Price Components -- 6.2.3.9 International Comparisons of Data from Surveys Undertaken Using the World Health Organization/Health Action International Methodology -- 6.2.3.10 Exploring Policy Options -- 6.2.3.11 Reporting -- 6.2.4 USE OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION/HEALTH ACTION INTERNATIONAL METHODOLOGY IN PRACTICE -- REFERENCES.
7 - Terminology - Is Talking About Definitions Boring, or Is It the Starting Point? -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 7.1 PURPOSE -- 7.2 KEY TERMS -- 7.3 TRAINING MATERIAL: EXERCISES -- 7.3.1 Definitions - Multiple Choice Questions -- 7.3.2 Cloze test - Please Fill Out This Cloze Test by Adding the Missing Words -- 7.3.3 Crossword Puzzle -- REFERENCES -- 8 - Medicine Price Data Sources -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 8.1 SELECTION OF MEDICINE PRICE DATA SOURCES -- 8.1.1 Taxonomy of Data Sources -- 8.1.2 Assessment of Data Sources -- 8.2 MEDICINE PRICE SERVICES AND DATABASES -- 8.2.1 Public Sector Data Sources -- 8.2.2 Collaborative Initiatives -- 8.2.2.1 Management Sciences for Health -- 8.2.2.2 Early Advances in Europe: European Commission's Projects -- 8.2.2.3 EURopean Integrated Price Information Database (Euripid) -- 8.2.2.4 Decisiones Informadas en Medicamentos Platform in Latin America -- 8.2.2.5 Western Pacific Platform for Procurement Prices -- 8.2.2.6 WHO Global Price Reporting Mechanism for HIV, Tuberculosis, and Malaria -- 8.2.2.7 Vaccine Product, Price, and Procurement Platform -- 8.2.3 Other Providers -- REFERENCES -- 9 - Preparing Price Studies - Key Methodological Decisions -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE -- 9.3 KEY METHODOLOGICAL DECISIONS -- 9.3.1 Geographic Area -- 9.3.2 Sectors and Settings -- 9.3.3 Medicines -- 9.3.4 Price Data -- 9.3.4.1 Definitions of Medicine Price and `Price Proxies' -- 9.3.4.2 Units of Measurement -- 9.3.4.3 Price Types -- 9.3.4.3.1 Price Components along the Supply Chain -- 9.3.4.3.2 Reimbursement Prices -- 9.3.4.3.3 List Prices and Confidentiality -- 9.3.5 Time Period -- 9.3.5.1 Cross-sectional Studies -- 9.3.5.2 Time-Series Analyses -- 9.3.6 Specific Decisions Related to Cross-Country Comparisons -- 9.3.6.1 Comparator Countries -- 9.3.6.2 Comparable Medicines.
9.3.6.2.1 Strategies to Optimise Medicine Selection for Cross-Country Comparison -- 9.3.6.2.2 Like-for-Like Comparison -- 9.3.6.3 Comparable Price Types -- 9.3.6.4 Weighting for Volume (Price Indices) -- 9.3.6.5 Choice of Conversion Rate and Weighting for Income -- 9.4 LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 - Training Exercises for Medicine Price Surveys, Analyses and Comparisons -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 10.1 PURPOSE -- 10.2 TRAINING MATERIAL: EXERCISES -- 10.2.1 Exercise 1 - Preparation of the Study (Methodology) -- 10.2.2 Exercise 2 - Price Data Calculation -- 10.2.2.1 Q1: One of the Top-Selling Products Is Glupic -- 10.2.3 Exercise 3 - Price Data Presentation and Data Analysis -- 10.2.3.1 Q1: Price Differences to the Neighbouring Countries -- 10.2.3.2 Q2: Index Calculation -- 10.2.3.3 Q3: Box Plot Data Presentation -- 10.2.3.4 Q4: Prices in Purchasing Power Parities (PPP) -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Using Medicine Price Comparisons for Policy-Making -- 11 - Price Comparison as a Pricing Policy Option-Introduction into Pharmaceutical Policies -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 11.1 NEED FOR PHARMACEUTICAL REGULATION AND POLICIES -- 11.1.1 Regulation-to Ensure Safety of Medicines and Pharmaceutical Provision -- 11.1.2 Pharmaceutical Policies-to Contribute to Affordable Access to Medicines -- 11.2 TAXONOMIES OF PHARMACEUTICAL POLICIES -- 11.3 INTRODUCTION INTO PRICING POLICIES -- 11.3.1 Medicines Groups -- 11.3.2 Sectors -- 11.3.3 Price Types -- REFERENCES -- 12 - Practice of External Price Referencing -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 12.1 OVERVIEW OF USE OF EPR WORLDWIDE -- 12.1.1 Relevance of EPR -- 12.1.2 Reference Countries -- 12.1.3 Scope of Medicines -- 12.1.4 Price Types -- 12.1.5 Calculation Method -- 12.2 OVERVIEW OF USE OF EPR IN WHO EURO REGION -- 12.2.1 Relevance of EPR -- 12.2.2 Reference Countries -- 12.2.3 Scope of Medicines.
12.2.4 Price Types.
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Front Cover -- MEDICINE PRICE SURVEYS, ANALYSES, AND COMPARISONS -- MEDICINE PRICE SURVEYS, ANALYSES, AND COMPARISONS -- Copyright -- Dedication -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 1 - Introduction -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 1.1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE -- 1.2 AIM AND OUTLINE -- 1.3 METHODOLOGY -- 1.4 TARGET AUDIENCE -- REFERENCES -- 1 - Evidence - Findings of Medicine Price Studies -- 2 - International Comparison of Medicine Prices -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 2.1 - Medicine Prices in European Countries -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.1.2 HIGH-COST MEDICINES -- 2.1.2.1 Oncology -- 2.1.2.2 Hepatitis C -- 2.1.2.3 Rare Diseases -- 2.1.2.4 Concordance of Prices With Purchasing Power -- 2.1.3 GENERIC MEDICINES -- 2.1.4 IMPACT OF POLICY MEASURES -- 2.1.4.1 External Price Referencing -- 2.1.4.1.1 Challenges Related to External Reference Pricing -- 2.1.4.2 Convergence of Medicine Prices Over Time -- 2.1.5 ACTUAL PRICES -- 2.1.6 FINAL REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 2.2 - Medicine Prices in the United States and Canada -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 2.2.1 CANADA -- 2.2.1.1 Policies -- 2.2.1.1.1 Federal Patented Drug Price Regulation -- 2.2.1.1.2 Drug Plan Reimbursement of Brand Drugs -- 2.2.1.1.3 Drug Plan Reimbursement of Generic Drugs -- 2.2.1.1.4 Biosimilars -- 2.2.1.2 Canada Drug Price Studies -- 2.2.1.2.1 Brand Drugs -- 2.2.1.2.2 Biologics -- 2.2.1.2.3 Generics -- 2.2.1.2.4 All Prescribed Drugs -- 2.2.2 UNITED STATES -- 2.2.2.1 Policies -- 2.2.2.2 US Price Studies -- 2.2.2.2.1 Generics -- 2.2.3 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 2.3 - Medicine Prices in Asia-Pacific Countries -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 2.3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.3.2 PRICE STUDIES FOR SPECIFIC MEDICINES GROUPS -- 2.3.2.1 High-Cost Medicines -- 2.3.2.2 Medicines for Cancer -- 2.3.2.3 Medicines for Central Nervous System-Related Diseases.

2.3.2.4 Medicines for Hepatitis C -- 2.3.2.5 Antiretroviral Medicines -- 2.3.2.6 Generic Medicines -- 2.3.3 CONCORDANCE OF PRICES WITH AFFORDABILITY -- 2.3.3.1 China (Upper Middle-Income Country) -- 2.3.3.2 Sri Lanka (Lower Middle-Income Country) -- 2.3.3.3 Malaysia (Upper Middle-Income Country) -- 2.3.4 IMPACT OF POLICY MEASURES -- 2.3.5 FINAL REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 2.4 - Medicine Prices in Latin American Countries -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 2.4.1 THE PRICE OF MEDICINES IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES -- 2.4.1.1 Introduction -- 2.4.1.2 Examples of Price Regulation in the Latin America Region -- 2.4.1.2.1 Colombian Medicines Pricing Regulation -- 2.4.1.2.2 Brazilian Medicines Pricing Regulation -- 2.4.1.2.3 Price Regulation in Other Latin American Countries -- 2.4.2 ONLINE SOURCES OF MEDICINES PRICES IN LATIN AMERICA -- 2.4.3 MEDICINE PRICE STUDIES IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES -- 2.4.3.1 Introduction -- 2.4.3.2 Methodology -- 2.4.3.3 Results and Findings -- 2.4.4 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 2.5 - Medicine Prices in Africa -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 2.5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.5.2 BACKGROUND TO HEALTH AND HEALTH SYSTEMS IN AFRICA -- 2.5.2.1 Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 2.5.2.2 Health Care in Africa -- 2.5.2.3 Provision of Health Care in Africa -- 2.5.3 THE AFRICAN MEDICINES ENVIRONMENT -- 2.5.4 METHODS FOR SELECTING STUDIES ON PRICING AND AVAILABILITY -- 2.5.5 OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS -- 2.5.6 DISCUSSION ON MEDICINES AVAILABILITY AND PRICING IN AFRICA -- 2.5.6.1 Measurement of Availability of Medicines -- 2.5.6.2 Measurement of Availability and Price -- 2.5.6.3 Measurement of Pricing of Medicines -- 2.5.6.4 Multicountry Comparisons -- 2.5.7 CONCLUSIONS: SUMMARY AND WAY FORWARD -- 2.5.8 GAPS IN THE LITERATURE -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Price Studies for Specific Medicines -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 3.1 GENERIC AND BIOSIMILAR MEDICINES.

3.2 HIGH-PRICED MEDICINES, INCLUDING ORPHAN MEDICINAL PRODUCTS -- 3.3 MEDICINES FOR SPECIFIC INDICATIONS -- 3.3.1 HIV/AIDS Medicines -- 3.3.2 Cancer Medicines -- 3.3.3 Hepatitis C Medicines -- 3.3.4 Further Indications -- 3.4 HOSPITAL MEDICINES -- 3.5 NON-PRESCRIPTION MEDICINES -- 3.6 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Studies of Medicine Price Developments -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 4.1 IMPACT ASSESSMENT -- 4.2 NATIONAL STUDIES -- 4.3 CROSS-NATIONAL STUDIES -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Discussion and Summary -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Training - How to Conduct Medicine Price Surveys, Analyses and Comparisons? -- 6 - Review of Methodologies to Conduct Price Studies -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 6.1 - Overview of Existing Methodologies -- 6.2 - WHO/HAI Methodology for Measuring Medicine Prices, Availability and Affordability, and Price Components -- 6.2.1 BACKGROUND AND HISTORY -- 6.2.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION/HEALTH ACTION INTERNATIONAL METHODOLOGY -- 6.2.3 STEPS OF A SURVEY USING THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION/HEALTH ACTION INTERNATIONAL METHODOLOGY -- 6.2.3.1 Presurvey Planning -- 6.2.3.2 Preparation of the Survey -- 6.2.3.3 Training of Area Supervisors, Data Collectors, and Data Entry Personnel -- 6.2.3.4 Preparing for Data Collection -- 6.2.3.5 Data Collection in the Field -- 6.2.3.6 Data Entry -- 6.2.3.7 Data Analysis and Interpretation -- 6.2.3.7.1 Availability -- 6.2.3.7.2 Prices -- 6.2.3.7.3 Affordability -- 6.2.3.8 Measuring Price Components -- 6.2.3.9 International Comparisons of Data from Surveys Undertaken Using the World Health Organization/Health Action International Methodology -- 6.2.3.10 Exploring Policy Options -- 6.2.3.11 Reporting -- 6.2.4 USE OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION/HEALTH ACTION INTERNATIONAL METHODOLOGY IN PRACTICE -- REFERENCES.

7 - Terminology - Is Talking About Definitions Boring, or Is It the Starting Point? -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 7.1 PURPOSE -- 7.2 KEY TERMS -- 7.3 TRAINING MATERIAL: EXERCISES -- 7.3.1 Definitions - Multiple Choice Questions -- 7.3.2 Cloze test - Please Fill Out This Cloze Test by Adding the Missing Words -- 7.3.3 Crossword Puzzle -- REFERENCES -- 8 - Medicine Price Data Sources -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 8.1 SELECTION OF MEDICINE PRICE DATA SOURCES -- 8.1.1 Taxonomy of Data Sources -- 8.1.2 Assessment of Data Sources -- 8.2 MEDICINE PRICE SERVICES AND DATABASES -- 8.2.1 Public Sector Data Sources -- 8.2.2 Collaborative Initiatives -- 8.2.2.1 Management Sciences for Health -- 8.2.2.2 Early Advances in Europe: European Commission's Projects -- 8.2.2.3 EURopean Integrated Price Information Database (Euripid) -- 8.2.2.4 Decisiones Informadas en Medicamentos Platform in Latin America -- 8.2.2.5 Western Pacific Platform for Procurement Prices -- 8.2.2.6 WHO Global Price Reporting Mechanism for HIV, Tuberculosis, and Malaria -- 8.2.2.7 Vaccine Product, Price, and Procurement Platform -- 8.2.3 Other Providers -- REFERENCES -- 9 - Preparing Price Studies - Key Methodological Decisions -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE -- 9.3 KEY METHODOLOGICAL DECISIONS -- 9.3.1 Geographic Area -- 9.3.2 Sectors and Settings -- 9.3.3 Medicines -- 9.3.4 Price Data -- 9.3.4.1 Definitions of Medicine Price and `Price Proxies' -- 9.3.4.2 Units of Measurement -- 9.3.4.3 Price Types -- 9.3.4.3.1 Price Components along the Supply Chain -- 9.3.4.3.2 Reimbursement Prices -- 9.3.4.3.3 List Prices and Confidentiality -- 9.3.5 Time Period -- 9.3.5.1 Cross-sectional Studies -- 9.3.5.2 Time-Series Analyses -- 9.3.6 Specific Decisions Related to Cross-Country Comparisons -- 9.3.6.1 Comparator Countries -- 9.3.6.2 Comparable Medicines.

9.3.6.2.1 Strategies to Optimise Medicine Selection for Cross-Country Comparison -- 9.3.6.2.2 Like-for-Like Comparison -- 9.3.6.3 Comparable Price Types -- 9.3.6.4 Weighting for Volume (Price Indices) -- 9.3.6.5 Choice of Conversion Rate and Weighting for Income -- 9.4 LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 - Training Exercises for Medicine Price Surveys, Analyses and Comparisons -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 10.1 PURPOSE -- 10.2 TRAINING MATERIAL: EXERCISES -- 10.2.1 Exercise 1 - Preparation of the Study (Methodology) -- 10.2.2 Exercise 2 - Price Data Calculation -- 10.2.2.1 Q1: One of the Top-Selling Products Is Glupic -- 10.2.3 Exercise 3 - Price Data Presentation and Data Analysis -- 10.2.3.1 Q1: Price Differences to the Neighbouring Countries -- 10.2.3.2 Q2: Index Calculation -- 10.2.3.3 Q3: Box Plot Data Presentation -- 10.2.3.4 Q4: Prices in Purchasing Power Parities (PPP) -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Using Medicine Price Comparisons for Policy-Making -- 11 - Price Comparison as a Pricing Policy Option-Introduction into Pharmaceutical Policies -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 11.1 NEED FOR PHARMACEUTICAL REGULATION AND POLICIES -- 11.1.1 Regulation-to Ensure Safety of Medicines and Pharmaceutical Provision -- 11.1.2 Pharmaceutical Policies-to Contribute to Affordable Access to Medicines -- 11.2 TAXONOMIES OF PHARMACEUTICAL POLICIES -- 11.3 INTRODUCTION INTO PRICING POLICIES -- 11.3.1 Medicines Groups -- 11.3.2 Sectors -- 11.3.3 Price Types -- REFERENCES -- 12 - Practice of External Price Referencing -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- 12.1 OVERVIEW OF USE OF EPR WORLDWIDE -- 12.1.1 Relevance of EPR -- 12.1.2 Reference Countries -- 12.1.3 Scope of Medicines -- 12.1.4 Price Types -- 12.1.5 Calculation Method -- 12.2 OVERVIEW OF USE OF EPR IN WHO EURO REGION -- 12.2.1 Relevance of EPR -- 12.2.2 Reference Countries -- 12.2.3 Scope of Medicines.

12.2.4 Price Types.

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