Gambrill, Eileen.
Critical Thinking in Clinical Practice : Improving the Quality of Judgments and Decisions. - 1 online resource (674 pages) - New York Academy of Sciences Ser. . - New York Academy of Sciences Ser. .
Intro -- Critical Thinking in Clinical Practice -- Contents -- Preface -- Part I Lay of the Land -- Chapter 1 The Need for Critical Thinking in Clinical Practice -- The Importance of Thinking Critically About Decisions -- Hallmarks of Critical Thinking -- Critical Thinking Is Integral to Evidence-Based Practice -- Related Values, Attitudes, and Styles -- Related Skills and Knowledge -- Barriers to Making Sound Judgments -- Clinical Reasoning as a Teachable Skill -- Costs and Benefits of Critical Thinking -- Benefits of Critical Thinking -- Costs of Thinking Critically About Decisions -- How Skeptical Should Clinicians Be? -- Summary -- Chapter 2 Sources of Influence on Clinical Decisions -- Changing Views of Problems and Their Prevalence -- Flawed People and/or Flawed Environments? -- Problems as Socially Constructed -- Political, Economic, and Social Influences on Problem Framing and Proposed Remedies -- The Language of Problem Definition -- Different Problem Framings Have Different Consequences -- Influence of Agency and Service System Variables -- Status and Power Differences -- Available Resources -- Access to Information -- Preferred Views of Clients -- Agency Culture and Climate -- Technology Development -- The Interaction Between Clients and Clinicians -- Psychological Factors That Influence Judgments -- Summary -- Chapter 3 Reasons and Reasoning: The Heart of Making Decisions -- Views of Intellectual Competence -- Reasons -- Helpful Distinctions -- Reasoning Compared to Rationalizing -- Propaganda/Bias/Point of View -- Reasoning and the Truth -- Logical Reasoning and Creativity -- Consistency/Corroboration and Critical Testing -- Critically Appraising Claims Compared to Seeking Support -- Facts, Beliefs, and Preferences -- Arguments -- Analyzing Arguments -- Kinds of Arguments: The Importance of Context -- Explanations. Individual and Cultural Differences -- Summary -- Chapter 4 Different Views of Knowledge and How to Get It: ExploringYour Personal Epistemology -- Different Views of Knowledge and How (or If) It Can Be Gained -- Evaluating Knowledge Claims -- Avoiding Harming in the Name of Helping -- Questionable Criteria -- Authority -- Popularity/Consensus -- Tradition -- Newness -- Manner of Presentation -- Good Intentions -- What Makes Sense: Plausibility -- Entertainment Value -- Emotional Influences -- Testimonials -- Case Examples -- Problems With Learning From Experience -- Intuition -- Uncritical Documentation -- Science and Scientific Criteria -- Misunderstandings and Misrepresentations -- What Is Science? -- Testable Theories and Criticism as the Essence of Science -- A Search for Patterns and Regularities -- Parsimony -- Scientists Strive for Objectivity -- A Skeptical Attitude -- Other Characteristics -- The Rise of Big Science -- The Difference Between Science and Pseudoscience -- Scienticism -- Antiscience -- Relativism -- Quackery -- Propaganda -- Fraud -- Knowledge Valued in Evidence-Informed Practice -- User and Service Provider Knowledge -- Research Related to Information Needs -- Kinds of Research Needed to Critically Appraise Different Kinds of Claims -- Mistakes and Errors -- Kinds and Degrees of Uncertainty -- Ignorance as Knowledge -- Other Kinds of Knowledge -- Critical Appraisal of Practices and Policies as an Ethical Obligation -- The Burden of Knowledge -- Summary -- Glossary -- Part II Common Sources of Error -- Chapter 5 The Influence of Language and Persuasion Strategies -- The Influence of Language -- Fallacies Related to Language -- Predigested Thinking: Oversimplifications -- Missing Language (Censorship) -- Pseudotechnical Jargon/Bafflegab -- Misleading Use of Medical and Scientific Discourse -- Use of Emotional Buzzwords or Images. Metaphors -- Naming/Labeling -- The Assumption of One Word, One Meaning -- Use of Vague Terms -- Reification, Word Magic -- Confusing Verbal and Factual Propositions -- Influence of Semantic Linkages and Cuing Effects -- Misuse of Verbal Speculation -- Conviction Through Repetition -- Bold Assertions -- Primacy Effects -- Newspeak -- Manner of Presentation -- Euphemisms -- Failure to Recognize Palaver -- Other Sources of Fallacy Related to Language -- Making Effective Use of Language -- The Influence of Social-Psychological Persuasion Strategies -- Summary -- Chapter 6 Formal and Informal Fallacies: Mistakes in Thinking and How to Avoid Them -- False Even Though Valid -- Doubtful Evidence -- Suppressed Evidence -- Irrelevant Appeals -- Emotional Appeals -- Ad Hominem Arguments -- You Would Do It, Too -- Vacuous Guarantees -- Appeal to Common Practice -- Fallacy of Ignorance -- Fallacy of Special Pleading -- Appeal to Will -- Attacking the Example -- Evading the Facts -- Begging the Question -- Overlooking the Facts -- Distorting Facts/Positions -- Straw Person Arguments -- Forcing an Extension -- The Fallacy of False Cause -- Irrelevant Conclusion -- Inappropriate Use of Analogies -- Diversions -- Answering a Question With a Question -- Appeal to Emotion -- Red Herring -- The Use of Confusion -- Summary -- Examples of Questionable Appeals and Faulty Inferences -- Chapter 7 Classification, Authority, and Focusing on Pathology -- Concerns and Fallacies Related to Classification -- Classification as a Method of Control -- Use of Classification to Expand Turf -- Classification as Stigmatizing -- Misleading Assumption of Understanding -- Classification Based on Consensus Rather Than Empirical Data -- Classification as Offering an Illusion of Objectivity -- Incorrect Classification of People -- Blurring the Difference Between Degrees of Avoidable Suffering. Use of Vague Terms -- False Dilemma (Either/Or-ing) -- Confusing Inclusion and Exclusion Tests -- Incorrect or Misleading Classification of Procedures -- Fallacy of Stereotyping -- Other Sources of Fallacy -- Appeals to Authority -- Popular Sentiments -- Misleading Aura of Authority -- Popular People and Irrelevant Authority -- Titles and Supposed Experts -- Traditional Wisdom -- Appeals to Consensus (Authority of the Many) -- Provincialism -- Bandwagon Appeal -- Imaginary Authority -- Other Kinds of Appeals to Authority -- A Focus on Pathology -- Factors That Encourage an Overemphasis on Pathology -- The Rule of Optimism -- Summary -- Part III Decision Aids -- Chapter 8 Content and Procedural Knowledge -- Is Knowledge Important in the Helping Professions? -- Differences Between Novices and Experts -- What Competencies Contribute to Success? -- How Should We Assess Professional Competence? -- To Keep Up-to-Date or Not -- Deciding What Information to Seek and Where to Seek It -- Credibility as a Guide -- Mysticism -- Science/Critical Rationalism -- Anecdotal Empiricism -- Analogy -- Authority -- Clarity -- Is It Important? Will It Help Us to Help Clients? -- Knowledge as Entertainment -- Active Versus Passive Learning -- Comprehension Monitoring -- Elaboration Strategies -- Avoiding Confirmation Biases -- Be Charitable -- Other Helpful Habits -- Remembering What We Read -- Problem-Based Learning -- Becoming a Lifelong Learner -- The Problem of Belief Perseverance -- The Influence of Professional Education Programs -- Summary -- Chapter 9 Taking Advantage of Research on Judgment, Problem Solving, and Decision Making -- Problem Solving Is Uncertain -- Situations Change -- Structuring Problems Is a Critical Phase -- Domain-Specific Knowledge and Skills Are Important -- Many Influences Lie Outside Our Awarenes. The Influence of Goals and Conflicts Among Them -- Influence by Affect -- Influence by Task Demands -- Confirmation Biases Abound: Partiality in the Use of Evidence -- Situation Awarenes is Vital -- Ecological Rationality -- There Are Different Decision-Making Styles -- We Use Simplifying Strategies (Heuristics) -- Approaches Focusing on Bias -- Availability -- The Influence of Preconceptions and Preferred Theories -- Achoring and Insufficient Adjustment -- Vividness -- Influence by Resemblance -- Fast and Frugal Heuristics -- We Tend to Make Certain Kinds of Errors -- Memory as Reconstructive -- Perspective Makes a Difference: Self Versus Others -- There Are Cultural Differences -- Creativity and Intuition Play an Important Role -- Failures Are Inevitable -- Some Barriers Are Self-Imposed -- We Can Learn to Become Better Decision Makers -- Learning Through Mistakes -- Summary -- Chapter 10 Evidence-Based Practice: A Philosophy and Process for Making Informed Decisions -- An Alternative to Authority-Based Practice -- Three Philosophies of Evidence-Based Practice -- Steps in Evidence-Based Practice -- Different Kinds of Questions -- Different Styles of Evidence-Based Practice -- Examples of Evidence-Based Decision Making -- Origins of Evidence-Based Decision Making -- Variations in Services Offered -- Gaps Among Ethical, Evidentiary, and Application Concerns -- Increased Attention to Harming in the Name of Helping -- Limitations of Traditional Methods of Knowledge Dissemination -- Invention of the Systematic Review -- The Internet Revolution -- Other Factors -- Other Views of Evidence-Based Practice -- Hallmarks and Implications of the Philosophy of Evidence-Based Practice and Care -- Move Away From Authoritarian Practices and Policies -- Honor Ethical Obligations -- Making Practices, Policies, and Their Outcomes Transparent. Encourage a Systemic Approach for Integrating Practical, Ethical, and Evidentiary Issues.
9781118216996
Electronic books.
Critical Thinking in Clinical Practice : Improving the Quality of Judgments and Decisions. - 1 online resource (674 pages) - New York Academy of Sciences Ser. . - New York Academy of Sciences Ser. .
Intro -- Critical Thinking in Clinical Practice -- Contents -- Preface -- Part I Lay of the Land -- Chapter 1 The Need for Critical Thinking in Clinical Practice -- The Importance of Thinking Critically About Decisions -- Hallmarks of Critical Thinking -- Critical Thinking Is Integral to Evidence-Based Practice -- Related Values, Attitudes, and Styles -- Related Skills and Knowledge -- Barriers to Making Sound Judgments -- Clinical Reasoning as a Teachable Skill -- Costs and Benefits of Critical Thinking -- Benefits of Critical Thinking -- Costs of Thinking Critically About Decisions -- How Skeptical Should Clinicians Be? -- Summary -- Chapter 2 Sources of Influence on Clinical Decisions -- Changing Views of Problems and Their Prevalence -- Flawed People and/or Flawed Environments? -- Problems as Socially Constructed -- Political, Economic, and Social Influences on Problem Framing and Proposed Remedies -- The Language of Problem Definition -- Different Problem Framings Have Different Consequences -- Influence of Agency and Service System Variables -- Status and Power Differences -- Available Resources -- Access to Information -- Preferred Views of Clients -- Agency Culture and Climate -- Technology Development -- The Interaction Between Clients and Clinicians -- Psychological Factors That Influence Judgments -- Summary -- Chapter 3 Reasons and Reasoning: The Heart of Making Decisions -- Views of Intellectual Competence -- Reasons -- Helpful Distinctions -- Reasoning Compared to Rationalizing -- Propaganda/Bias/Point of View -- Reasoning and the Truth -- Logical Reasoning and Creativity -- Consistency/Corroboration and Critical Testing -- Critically Appraising Claims Compared to Seeking Support -- Facts, Beliefs, and Preferences -- Arguments -- Analyzing Arguments -- Kinds of Arguments: The Importance of Context -- Explanations. Individual and Cultural Differences -- Summary -- Chapter 4 Different Views of Knowledge and How to Get It: ExploringYour Personal Epistemology -- Different Views of Knowledge and How (or If) It Can Be Gained -- Evaluating Knowledge Claims -- Avoiding Harming in the Name of Helping -- Questionable Criteria -- Authority -- Popularity/Consensus -- Tradition -- Newness -- Manner of Presentation -- Good Intentions -- What Makes Sense: Plausibility -- Entertainment Value -- Emotional Influences -- Testimonials -- Case Examples -- Problems With Learning From Experience -- Intuition -- Uncritical Documentation -- Science and Scientific Criteria -- Misunderstandings and Misrepresentations -- What Is Science? -- Testable Theories and Criticism as the Essence of Science -- A Search for Patterns and Regularities -- Parsimony -- Scientists Strive for Objectivity -- A Skeptical Attitude -- Other Characteristics -- The Rise of Big Science -- The Difference Between Science and Pseudoscience -- Scienticism -- Antiscience -- Relativism -- Quackery -- Propaganda -- Fraud -- Knowledge Valued in Evidence-Informed Practice -- User and Service Provider Knowledge -- Research Related to Information Needs -- Kinds of Research Needed to Critically Appraise Different Kinds of Claims -- Mistakes and Errors -- Kinds and Degrees of Uncertainty -- Ignorance as Knowledge -- Other Kinds of Knowledge -- Critical Appraisal of Practices and Policies as an Ethical Obligation -- The Burden of Knowledge -- Summary -- Glossary -- Part II Common Sources of Error -- Chapter 5 The Influence of Language and Persuasion Strategies -- The Influence of Language -- Fallacies Related to Language -- Predigested Thinking: Oversimplifications -- Missing Language (Censorship) -- Pseudotechnical Jargon/Bafflegab -- Misleading Use of Medical and Scientific Discourse -- Use of Emotional Buzzwords or Images. Metaphors -- Naming/Labeling -- The Assumption of One Word, One Meaning -- Use of Vague Terms -- Reification, Word Magic -- Confusing Verbal and Factual Propositions -- Influence of Semantic Linkages and Cuing Effects -- Misuse of Verbal Speculation -- Conviction Through Repetition -- Bold Assertions -- Primacy Effects -- Newspeak -- Manner of Presentation -- Euphemisms -- Failure to Recognize Palaver -- Other Sources of Fallacy Related to Language -- Making Effective Use of Language -- The Influence of Social-Psychological Persuasion Strategies -- Summary -- Chapter 6 Formal and Informal Fallacies: Mistakes in Thinking and How to Avoid Them -- False Even Though Valid -- Doubtful Evidence -- Suppressed Evidence -- Irrelevant Appeals -- Emotional Appeals -- Ad Hominem Arguments -- You Would Do It, Too -- Vacuous Guarantees -- Appeal to Common Practice -- Fallacy of Ignorance -- Fallacy of Special Pleading -- Appeal to Will -- Attacking the Example -- Evading the Facts -- Begging the Question -- Overlooking the Facts -- Distorting Facts/Positions -- Straw Person Arguments -- Forcing an Extension -- The Fallacy of False Cause -- Irrelevant Conclusion -- Inappropriate Use of Analogies -- Diversions -- Answering a Question With a Question -- Appeal to Emotion -- Red Herring -- The Use of Confusion -- Summary -- Examples of Questionable Appeals and Faulty Inferences -- Chapter 7 Classification, Authority, and Focusing on Pathology -- Concerns and Fallacies Related to Classification -- Classification as a Method of Control -- Use of Classification to Expand Turf -- Classification as Stigmatizing -- Misleading Assumption of Understanding -- Classification Based on Consensus Rather Than Empirical Data -- Classification as Offering an Illusion of Objectivity -- Incorrect Classification of People -- Blurring the Difference Between Degrees of Avoidable Suffering. Use of Vague Terms -- False Dilemma (Either/Or-ing) -- Confusing Inclusion and Exclusion Tests -- Incorrect or Misleading Classification of Procedures -- Fallacy of Stereotyping -- Other Sources of Fallacy -- Appeals to Authority -- Popular Sentiments -- Misleading Aura of Authority -- Popular People and Irrelevant Authority -- Titles and Supposed Experts -- Traditional Wisdom -- Appeals to Consensus (Authority of the Many) -- Provincialism -- Bandwagon Appeal -- Imaginary Authority -- Other Kinds of Appeals to Authority -- A Focus on Pathology -- Factors That Encourage an Overemphasis on Pathology -- The Rule of Optimism -- Summary -- Part III Decision Aids -- Chapter 8 Content and Procedural Knowledge -- Is Knowledge Important in the Helping Professions? -- Differences Between Novices and Experts -- What Competencies Contribute to Success? -- How Should We Assess Professional Competence? -- To Keep Up-to-Date or Not -- Deciding What Information to Seek and Where to Seek It -- Credibility as a Guide -- Mysticism -- Science/Critical Rationalism -- Anecdotal Empiricism -- Analogy -- Authority -- Clarity -- Is It Important? Will It Help Us to Help Clients? -- Knowledge as Entertainment -- Active Versus Passive Learning -- Comprehension Monitoring -- Elaboration Strategies -- Avoiding Confirmation Biases -- Be Charitable -- Other Helpful Habits -- Remembering What We Read -- Problem-Based Learning -- Becoming a Lifelong Learner -- The Problem of Belief Perseverance -- The Influence of Professional Education Programs -- Summary -- Chapter 9 Taking Advantage of Research on Judgment, Problem Solving, and Decision Making -- Problem Solving Is Uncertain -- Situations Change -- Structuring Problems Is a Critical Phase -- Domain-Specific Knowledge and Skills Are Important -- Many Influences Lie Outside Our Awarenes. The Influence of Goals and Conflicts Among Them -- Influence by Affect -- Influence by Task Demands -- Confirmation Biases Abound: Partiality in the Use of Evidence -- Situation Awarenes is Vital -- Ecological Rationality -- There Are Different Decision-Making Styles -- We Use Simplifying Strategies (Heuristics) -- Approaches Focusing on Bias -- Availability -- The Influence of Preconceptions and Preferred Theories -- Achoring and Insufficient Adjustment -- Vividness -- Influence by Resemblance -- Fast and Frugal Heuristics -- We Tend to Make Certain Kinds of Errors -- Memory as Reconstructive -- Perspective Makes a Difference: Self Versus Others -- There Are Cultural Differences -- Creativity and Intuition Play an Important Role -- Failures Are Inevitable -- Some Barriers Are Self-Imposed -- We Can Learn to Become Better Decision Makers -- Learning Through Mistakes -- Summary -- Chapter 10 Evidence-Based Practice: A Philosophy and Process for Making Informed Decisions -- An Alternative to Authority-Based Practice -- Three Philosophies of Evidence-Based Practice -- Steps in Evidence-Based Practice -- Different Kinds of Questions -- Different Styles of Evidence-Based Practice -- Examples of Evidence-Based Decision Making -- Origins of Evidence-Based Decision Making -- Variations in Services Offered -- Gaps Among Ethical, Evidentiary, and Application Concerns -- Increased Attention to Harming in the Name of Helping -- Limitations of Traditional Methods of Knowledge Dissemination -- Invention of the Systematic Review -- The Internet Revolution -- Other Factors -- Other Views of Evidence-Based Practice -- Hallmarks and Implications of the Philosophy of Evidence-Based Practice and Care -- Move Away From Authoritarian Practices and Policies -- Honor Ethical Obligations -- Making Practices, Policies, and Their Outcomes Transparent. Encourage a Systemic Approach for Integrating Practical, Ethical, and Evidentiary Issues.
9781118216996
Electronic books.